Brian inglis roger casement biography

Irish diplomat, activist, nationalist have a word with poet (1864–1916)

Roger Casement
Casement by Sarah Purser, 1914
Born	Roger Painter Casement (1864-09-01)1 September 1864 Sandycove, County Port, Ireland
Died	3 August 1916(1916-08-03) (aged 51) Pentonville Detain, London, England
Cause of death	Execution by hanging
Monuments	Casement Monument at Ballyheigue Beach Roger Casement Statue at Dún Laoghaire Baths
Occupation(s)	Diplomat, poet, humanitarian activist
Organisation(s)	British Foreign Provocation, Irish Volunteers
Title	a knighthood for top efforts on behalf of nobleness Amazonian Indians, having been fitted Companion of the Order observe St Michael and St Martyr (CMG) in 1905 for enthrone Congo work.
Movement
Parents	Roger Casement (father) Anne Jephson (mother)

Roger David Casement (Irish: Ruairí Dáithí Mac Easmainn;^[1] 1 Sept 1864 – 3 August 1916), known as Sir Roger Casement, CMG, between 1911 and 1916, was a diplomat and Irishnationalist executed by the United Realm for treason during World Armed conflict I.

He worked for decency British Foreign Office as great diplomat, becoming known as neat as a pin humanitarian activist, and later monkey a poet and Easter Ascension leader.^[2] Described as the "father of twentieth-century human rights investigations",^[3] he was honoured in 1905 for the Casement Report come close to the Congo and knighted bring off 1911 for his important investigations of human rights abuses remit the rubber industry in Peru.^[4]

In Africa as a young adult, Casement first worked for commercialized interests before joining the Island Colonial Service.

In 1891 recognized was appointed as a Country consul, a profession he followed for more than 20 period. Influenced by the Boer Combat and his investigation into inhabitants atrocities against indigenous peoples, Casement grew to mistrust imperialism. Tail end retiring from consular service rejoicing 1913, he became more depart with Irish republicanism and carefulness separatist movements.

During World Hostilities I, he made efforts kind gain German military aid pine the 1916 Easter Rising avoid sought to gain Irish independence.^[5] He was arrested, convicted post executed for high treason. Why not? was stripped of his knighthood and other honours. Before rendering trial, the British government circulated excerpts said to be differ his private journals, known little the Black Diaries, which outandout homosexual activities.

Given prevailing views and existing laws on sex, this material undermined support perform clemency. Debates have continued raise these diaries: a handwriting balance study in 2002 concluded ramble Casement had written the paper, but this was still contestable by some.^[6]

Early life

Family and education

Casement was born in Dublin nearby lived in very early youth at Doyle's Cottage, Lawson Supply, Sandycove,^[7] a terrace that maladroit thumbs down d longer exists, but that was on Sandycove Road between what is now Fitzgerald's pub reprove The Butler's Pantry delicatessen.

His father, Captain Roger Casement leave undone the (King's Own) Regiment presumption Dragoons, was the son corporeal Hugh Casement, a Belfastshipping dealer who went bankrupt and succeeding moved to Australia. Captain Casement had served in the 1842 Afghan campaign. He travelled tinge Europe to fight as organized volunteer in the Hungarian Revolt of 1848 but arrived care the Surrender at Világos.^{[citation needed]} After the family moved talk to England, Roger's mother, Anne Jephson (or Jepson), of a Port Anglican family, purportedly had him secretly baptised at the expedition of three as a Comprehensive in Rhyl, Wales.^[why?][8][9] However, goodness priest who arranged his establishment in 1916 clearly stated wind the claimed earlier baptism challenging been in Aberystwyth, 80 miles (130 km) from Rhyl, raising probity question as to why specified a supposedly important event ought to also become so misremembered.^[10]

According jab an 1892 letter, Casement accounted his mother was descended do too much the Jephson family of Mallow, County Cork^[11] but the Jephson family's historian provides no hint of this.^[12] The family cursory in England in genteel poverty; Roger's mother died when pacify was nine.

His father took the family back to Eire to County Antrim to breathing near paternal relatives. When Casement was 13 years old, consummate father died in Ballymena, snowball he was left dependent rapid the charity of relatives, influence Youngs and the Casements. No problem was educated at the Diocesan School, Ballymena (later the Ballymena Academy).

He left school inert 16 and went to England to work as a salesclerk with Elder Dempster, a City shipping company headed by King Lewis Jones.^[13]

Roger Casement's brother, Clocksmith Hugh Jephson Casement (1863–1939), esoteric a roving life at expanse and as a soldier, spreadsheet later helped establish the Green Coastguard Service.^[14] He was goodness inspiration for a character concern Denis Johnston's play The Idle in the Yellow River.

Soil drowned in Dublin's Grand Discpatcher on 6 March 1939, accepting threatened suicide.^[14][15]

Observations of Casement

In a-okay recollection of Casement, which occur is coloured by knowledge embodiment his subsequent fate, Ernest Hambloch, Casement's deputy during his consular posting to Brazil, recalls sting "unexpected" figure: tall, ungainly; "elaborately courteous" but with "a satisfactory deal of pose about him, as though he was bothered of being caught off coronate guard".

"An easy talker additional a fluent writer", he could "expound a case, but shriek argue it". His greatest talisman, of which he seemed "quite unconscious" was his voice, which was "very musical." The seeing were "kindly", but not delineated to laughter: "a sense explain humour might have saved him from many things".^[16]

Joseph Conrad's be in first place impressions of Casement, from young adult encounter in the Congo settle down judged "a positive piece expose good luck", was "thinks, speaks, well, most intelligent and notice sympathetic".

Later, after Casement's ensnare and trial, Conrad had bonus critical thoughts: "Already in Continent, I judged he was expert man, properly speaking, of ham-fisted mind at all. I don't mean stupid. I mean renounce he was all emotion. Induce emotional force (Putumayo, Congo note down etc) he made his heap, and sheer temperament—a truly calamitous figure."^[17]

British diplomat and human frank investigator

The Congo and the Casement Report

Main article: Casement Report

Casement counterfeit in the Congo for Speechmaker Morton Stanley and the Mortal International Association from 1884; that association became known as copperplate front for King Leopold II of Belgium in his capture of what became the pretended Congo Free State.^[18] Casement phoney on a survey to underpin communication and recruited and secondary to workmen in building a carry out to bypass the lower 220 miles (350 km) of the Zaire River, which is made impenetrable by cataracts, in order designate improve transportation and trade egg on the Upper Congo.

During her majesty commercial work, he learned Mortal languages.^{[citation needed]}

In 1890 Casement fall down Joseph Conrad, who had resources to the Congo to opening a merchant ship, Le Roi des Belges ("King of depiction Belgians"). Both were inspired provoke the idea that "European organisation would bring moral and group progress to the continent leading free its inhabitants 'from subjection, paganism and other barbarities.' Babble on would soon learn the weight of his error."^[19] Conrad accessible his short novel Heart draw round Darkness in 1899, exploring honourableness colonial ills.

Casement later approachable the conditions he found teeny weeny the Congo during an ex cathedra investigation for the British direction. In these formative years, smartness also met Herbert Ward, add-on they became longtime friends. Guide left Africa in 1889, ride devoted his time to enhancing an artist, and his manner there strongly influenced his work.^{[citation needed]}

Casement joined the Colonial Assistance, under the authority of magnanimity Colonial Office, first serving foreign as a clerk in Brits West Africa.^[20] In August 1901 he transferred to the Transalpine Office service as British emissary in the eastern part recall the French Congo.^[21] In 1903 the Balfour Government commissioned Casement, then its consul at Boma in the Congo Free Circumstances, to investigate the human maintain situation in that colony be paid the Belgian king, Leopold II.

Setting up a private flock known as the Force Publique, Leopold had squeezed revenue get it of the people of justness territory through a reign staff terror in the harvesting suffer export of rubber and different resources. In trade, Belgium shipped guns and other materials rescue the Congo, used chiefly cause to feel suppress the local people.^{[citation needed]}

Casement travelled for weeks in rendering upper Congo Basin to examine people throughout the region, counting workers, overseers and mercenaries.

Do something delivered a long, detailed viewer report to the Crown put off exposed abuses: "the enslavement, disfigurement, and torture of natives instruct the rubber plantations".^[20] It became known as the Casement Report of 1904. King Leopold difficult held the Congo Free On the trot since 1885, when the Songster Conference of European powers concentrate on the United States effectively gave him free rein in illustriousness area.^{[citation needed]}

Leopold had exploited magnanimity territory's natural resources (mostly rubber) as a private entrepreneur, shriek as king of the Belgians.

Using violence and murder averse men and their families, Leopold's private Force Publique had decimated many native villages in influence course of forcing the soldiers to gather rubber and defilement them to increase productivity.

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Casement's report provoked controversy, esoteric some companies with a selection interest in the Congo discarded its findings, as did Casement's former boss, Alfred Lewis Jones.^[13]

When the report was made initiate, opponents of Congolese conditions try interest groups, such as prestige Congo Reform Association, founded get ahead of E.

D. Morel with Casement's support, and demanded action ought to relieve the situation of representation Congolese. Other European nations followed suit, as did the Banded together States. The British Parliament necessary a meeting of the 14 signatory powers to review class 1885 Berlin Agreement defining interests in Africa.

The Belgian Assembly, pushed by Socialist leader Character Vandervelde and other critics admire the king's Congolese policy, put on Léopold to set up wholesome independent commission of inquiry. Involve 1905, despite Léopold's efforts, make available confirmed the essentials of Casement's report. On 15 November 1908, the parliament of Belgium took over the Congo Free Realm from Léopold and organised loom over administration as the Belgian Zaire.

Portugal

In July 1904 Casement was appointed as Consul in Lisboa. This was seen in Writer as a comfortable and decode paid promotion after his rigid service in Africa. Casement difficult to understand responded that while he would take up the assignment, "it might relieve the Foreign Taunt of some embarrassment were Uncontrolled to resign from the Service".^[23]

In the event Casement found excellence undemanding and routine nature advance consular work in a Dweller capital to lack the object and satisfaction of his a while ago postings.

Poor health gave field for his returning to Kingdom after only a few months.^[24]

Peru: Abuses against the Putumayo Indians

See also: Putumayo genocide and Peruvian Amazon Company

In 1906 the Outlandish Office sent Casement to Brazil: first as consul in Port, then transferred to Pará,^[25] enthralled lastly promoted to consul-general predicament Rio de Janeiro.^[26] He was attached as a consular archetypal to a commission investigating process about an enslaved workforce aggregation rubber for the Peruvian Behemoth Company (PAC), which had anachronistic registered in Britain in 1907 and had a British food of directors and numerous stockholders.

In September 1909, a announcer named Sidney Paternoster wrote wrench Truth, a British magazine, avail yourself of abuses against PAC workers in that well as Peruvians competing conflicting Colombians in the disputed locale of the Peruvian Amazon. Leadership article was titled "The Devil's Paradise: A British-Owned Congo".

In even more, the British consul at Iquitos had said that Barbadians, accounted British subjects as part reinforce the empire, had been maltreated while working for PAC, which gave the government a spat to intervene (ordinarily it could not investigate the internal relations of another country).

These Barbadians were exploited into indebtedness castigate the Company, and used whilst enforcers against the Company's enthralled indigenous workforce. ^[a] American lay engineer Walter Hardenburg had try Paternoster of witnessing a anarchy PAC and Peruvian military gauge against a Colombian rubber outlook, which they destroyed, stealing rendering rubber.

He also saw Peruvian Indians whose backs were impressive by severe whipping, in unmixed pattern called the "Mark honor Arana" (the head of high-mindedness rubber company), and reported distress abuses.^[30]

PAC, with its operational vile in Iquitos, dominated the single-mindedness and the region. The protected area was separated from the go on population of Peru by depiction Andes, and it was 1,900 miles (3,100 km) from the Amazon's mouth at Pará.

The British-registered company was effectively controlled vulgar the archetypal rubber baronJulio César Arana and his brother. Innate in Rioja, Arana had climbed out of poverty to reduce to ashes and operate a company gather great quantities of rubber bring into being the Peruvian Amazon, which was much in demand on character world market.

The rubber detonation had led to expansion focal point Iquitos as a trading heart, as all the company latex was shipped down the Virago River from there to illustriousness Atlantic port. Numerous foreigners esoteric flocked to the area chase their fortunes in the impermeable boom, or at least many piece of the business.

Illustriousness rough frontier city, including both respectable businesses and the keep under surveillance district, was highly influenced from end to end of the PAC and Arana.

Casement cosmopolitan to the Putumayo District, at the rubber was harvested convex in the Amazon Basin, unthinkable explored the treatment of prestige local Indians of Peru.^[36] Significance isolated area was outside character reach of the national rule and near the border co-worker Colombia, which periodically made incursions in competition for the event.

For years, the Indians difficult been forced into unpaid business by field staff of say publicly PAC, who exerted absolute force over them and subjected them to near starvation,^[b] severe sublunary abuse, rape of women topmost girls by the managers duct overseers, terrorization and casual butchery.

Casement found conditions as barbarous as those in the Zaire. On 23 October 1910, concerning those conditions, he wrote go off at a tangent "It far exceeds in baseness and demoralisation the Congo administration at its worst". With "the only redeeming feature" he could identify with being that birth Putumayo genocide affected thousands, sickly Leopold's state affected millions.

Casement made two lengthy visits talk the region, first in 1910 with a commission of commercialised investigators. During his first cruise in the Putumayo, he reduction several people connected to interpretation company's most infamous actions, with Armando Normand and Victor Macedo. Casement wrote in his document that Normand and Macedo briskly tried to discredit his dig up and bribe the Barbadian lecturers.

Casement believed that Macedo reprove Normand would do anything be acquainted with save themselves and thought delay they might have the Barbadians arrested in Iquitos for libel.^[c] Casement even speculated that supposing he went to Matanzas unattended, which was Normand's station, filth might have "died of fever" and no one would be endowed with known.

This alludes to past suggestions that if Casement confidential not come to the Putumayo on an official mission, crystal-clear might have been murdered. Sparkle his return to Iquitos, calligraphic French trader Casement had formerly met, told Casement that allowing he hadn’t come in fraudster official manner, the Company "would have got away with" him up there and his stain would be blamed on say publicly Natives.

Casement interviewed both (some of) the Putumayo natives remarkable men who had abused them, including thirty Barbadians, three help whom had also suffered be bereaved inhumane conditions imposed by justness company. When the report was publicised, there was public atrocity in Britain over the abuses.

Casement's report has anachronistic described as a "brilliant livelihood of journalism", as he wove together first-person accounts by both "victims and perpetrators of atrocities ...

Never before had retiring colonial subjects been given much personal voices in an bona fide document."^[20] After his report was made to the British command, some wealthy board members stand for the PAC were horrified prep between what they learned. Arana refuse the Peruvian government promised attain make changes.

In 1911, rank British government asked Casement fasten return to Iquitos and Putumayo to see if promised vacillate in treatment had occurred. Quick-witted a report to the Nation foreign secretary, dated 17 Walk 1911, Casement detailed the rubberised company's continued use of pillories to punish the Indians:

Men, battalion, and children were confined dilemma them for days, weeks, most recent often months.

... Whole families ... were imprisoned – fathers, mothers, stream children, and many cases were reported of parents dying ergo, either from starvation or depart from wounds caused by flogging, extensively their offspring were attached abut them to watch in woe themselves the dying agonies disruption their parents.

Some of the group men exposed as killers insipid his 1910 report were chock-full by Peru, while most trendy the region and were not till hell freezes over captured.

In 1911, Casement proved to have one man hassle particular arrested, Andrés O'Donnell, astern he was discovered living without trouble absolut in Barbados. O'Donnell had stirred for Arana as the overseer of Entre Rios for figure years, and hundreds of citizenry died under his administration. Casement noted that he was righteousness "least criminal of the leader agents" and "I don't believe he killed Indians for contentment or sport - but lone to terrorize for rubber".

Stop off extradition order was issued wishywashy Peru however it was weighty to be faulty, so O'Donnell was released on a statutory technicality. He later escaped tend Panama, and then the In partnership States. Others, such as Armando Normand and Augusto Jiménez Seminario, were arrested but escaped elude jail before the conclusion forged trials in court.

Between Sept and November of 1911, Casement attempted to secure the apprehend of Alfredo Montt and José Inocente Fonseca, which Casement referred to as two of goodness "worst Criminals on the Putumayo". At the time, the in bad condition were working for a Brazilian firm named Edwards & Missionary at the settlement of Santa Theresa, around 40 miles expend Benjamin Constant on the Javary River's confluence with the Solimões River.

They also had posse ten Boras people with them, trafficked from the rubber position of La Sabana, part go with La Chorrera's agency.^[d] Casement managed to get Brazilian authorities run into issue an arrest warrant beam order of expulsion from Brazilian territory; however, Casement wrote that was "not put into suit by the police officer dispatched for that purpose from Manaos".

The instructions delivered to provincial authorities detailed that they would accompany Casement, detain Montt title Fonseca, then travel to excellence Peruvian port of Nazareth, ensue on Peru's border with Brasil, where Peruvian authorities could seize the pair. Casement observed put off on the day of sovereign arrival at Benjamin Constant, illustriousness officer sent from Manaos, José P.

de Campos, gathered finetune the commander of the neighbouring police and señor Serra forfeiture the Edwards & Serra insist. Casement became convinced that Missionary bribed these two figures model authority, as Campos left combine days after his arrival disagree Benjamin Constant instead of guidelines his pursuit immediately while Montt and Fonseca were warned divagate authorities were actively seeking them.

Montt and Fonseca managed belong evade further attempts to shielded their arrest by Peruvian queue Brazilian authorities.

After his return obstacle Britain, Casement repeated his extra-consular campaigning work by organising interventions by the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society and Catholic missions in the region.

Some entrepreneurs had smuggled out cuttings newcomer disabuse of rubber plants and began bringing-up in southeast Asia in colonies of the British Empire. Class scandal of the PAC caused major losses in business suck up to the company, and rubber desire began to be met harsh farmed rubber in other endowments of the world.

With influence collapse of business for Committee, most foreigners left Iquitos refuse it quickly returned to loom over former status as an solitary backwater. For a period, loftiness rubber patrons that depended compete the Putumayo Indians for their workforce, were largely left circumvent. Arana was never prosecuted gorilla head of the company.

Explicit lived in London for mature, then returned to Peru. Undeterred by the scandal associated with Casement's report and international pressure elegance the Peruvian government to interchange conditions, Arana later had dinky successful political career. He was elected a senator and epileptic fit in Lima, Peru in 1952, aged 88.^[54]

Casement wrote extensively bare his private record (as always) in those two years, 1910-1911.

During this period, he spread to write in his documents, and the one for 1911 was described as being predominantly discursive. He kept them unsubtle London along with the 1903 diary and other papers point toward the period, presumably so they could be consulted in emperor continuing work as "Congo Casement" and as the saviour signal the Putumayo Indians.

In 1911 Casement received a knighthood characterise his efforts on behalf fend for the Amazonian Indians^[e] having antediluvian appointed Companion of the Inviolable of St Michael and Chance George (CMG) in 1905 lead to his Congo work.

Irish revolutionary

Return tutorial Ireland

In Ireland in 1904, swindler leave from Africa from saunter year until 1905, Casement husbandly the Gaelic League, an orderliness established in 1893 to watch over and revive the spoken standing literary use of the Goidelic language.

He met the marvellous of the powerful Irish Orderly Party (IPP) to lobby verify his work in the River. He did not support those, like the IPP, who minor Home Rule, as he accounted that the House of Peerage would veto such efforts. Casement was more impressed by Character Griffith's new Sinn Féin component (founded 1905), which called provision an independent Ireland (through systematic non-violent series of strikes celebrated boycotts).

Its sole imperial fasten would be a dual dominion between Britain and Ireland, modelled on the policy example a range of Ferenc Deák in Hungary. Casement joined the party in 1905.^[57]

In a letter to Wife. J. R. Green, (the Island historian Alice Stopford Green) old school 20 April 1906 Casement reflect on his conversion to goodness national cause as someone who had "accepted imperialism" and abstruse been close to an "ideal" Englishman:^[58]

It is a mistake compel an Irishman to mix man up with the English.

Powder is bound to do unified of two things—either to drink to the wall if illegal remains Irish or to pass on an Englishman himself. You glance I very nearly did corner one once. At the Boer War time, I had anachronistic away from Ireland for stage, out of touch with cosmos native to my heart viewpoint mind, trying hard to put the lid on my duty, and every latest act of duty made heart appreciably nearer the ideal comatose the Englishman.

I had universal Imperialism. British rule was in the air be accepted at all stream, because it was the complete for everyone under the daystar, and those who opposed depart extension ought rightly to amend 'smashed.' I was on greatness high road to being smart regular Imperialist jingo—although at immediately underneath all, and unsuspected quasi- by myself, I had remained an Irishman.

Well, the combat, [i.e., the Boer War] gave me qualms at the end—the concentration camps bigger ones—and lastly, when up in those unfrequented Congo forests where I wind up Leopold I found also yourselves, the incorrigible Irishman.

Ulster

In the polar, through his sister, Nina, hem in Portrush, and his close flock in London, Robert Lynd tell Sylvia Dryhurst, Casement was inaccessible into the orbit of Francis Joseph Bigger.^[59] A wealthy Protestant solicitor, at his house idea the northern shore of Capital Lough, Ard Righ, Bigger hosted not only the poets point of view writers of the "Northern Revival",^[60] but also, and critically have a handle on Casement, Ulster Protestants committed differentiate taking the case for require Irish Ireland to their co-religionists.

These included Ada McNeil, give way whom Casement helped organise grandeur first Feis na nGleann (Festival of the Glens) at Waterfoot (County Antrim) in 1904,^[59]Bulmer Hobson (later of the IRB), honesty Nationalist MP Stephen Gwynn, turf the Gaelic League activist Bad feeling Milligan.^[61][62]

On the Irish interplay halfway religious factions and independence, Casement wrote to Bulmer Hobson bolster 1909: "The Irish Catholic, mortal for man, is a destitute crawling coward as a decree.

Afraid of his miserable print and fearing the priest identical the Devil". Freedom could arrive to Ireland ".. only safety Irish Protestants, because they especially not afraid of any Bogey".^[63]

Casement retired from the British consular service in the summer disruption 1913.^[64] In October he crosspiece at a Protestant assembly at the same height Ballymoney Town Hall organised inured to Captain Jack White (who, terminate the midst of the Port lock-out, with James Connolly esoteric begun organising a workers' band of soldiers, the Irish Citizen Army).^[65][66] Adaptation a platform with Ada McNeill, the historian Alice Stopford Leafy, and the veteran tenant-right visionary J.

B. Armour, he beam to the motion disputing birth claim of Edward Carson explode his unionists "to represent interpretation Protestant community of North Oriental Ulster", and condemning the gateway of "lawless resistance" to Voters Rule.^[67][61]

Enthused by the meeting, which had been covered by title the London and Irish writing, Casement resolved to replicate say publicly Ballymoney meeting across Ulster, basic with Coleraine.

But the Unionist-controlled council refused to allow position group access to the shut down Town Hall, and nothing came of it.^[67] Meanwhile an anti-Home Rule meeting addressed by Carson's lieutenant Sir James Craig, abuse organising the Ulster Volunteers, yowl only filled the Ballymoney City Hall but had the press spilling out into the adjoining streets.^[68] In the event, grandeur Ballymoney Protestant "Protest Against probity Lawles Policy of Carsonism" upright to be the only conquered of its kind held anyplace in Ulster.^[67]

Already in November 1913, Casement had begun focussing market leader responding to "Carsonism" in kind: he became a Gaelic Friend member of the Provisional Commission of the Irish Volunteers launched at a meeting in leadership Rotunda in Dublin.^[69] At high-mindedness same time White and Connolly at the ITGWU formed dignity Irish Citizen Army.^[70] In Apr 1914, he had been involved with Alice Milligan in Larne shortly after Craig had difficult German guns run through depiction port, a feat Casement avid her nationalists would have pass on to match.^[71]

America and Germany

In July 1914, Casement journeyed to the Coalesced States to promote and pull up money for the Volunteers in the midst the large and numerous Gaelic communities there.

Through his alliance with men such as Bulmer Hobson, a member both allowance the Volunteers and of glory secret Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), Casement established connections with forsaken Irish nationalists, particularly Clan frank Gael.^[72]

Elements of the suspicious Clan did not trust Casement altogether, as he was not undiluted member of the IRB fairy story held views that they deemed too moderate but others, specified as John Quinn, regarded him as extreme.

Devoy, initially opposed to Casement for his separation in conceding control of high-mindedness Irish Volunteers to John Redmond, was won over in June, and Joseph McGarrity, another Clan leader, became devoted to Casement and remained so from corroboration on.^[73] The Howth gun-running engage late July 1914, which Casement had helped to organise explode (with a loan from Ill will Stopford Green)^[74] finance, further enhanced his reputation.

In August 1914, at the outbreak of Terra War I, Casement and Toilet Devoy arranged a meeting squeeze New York with the mystery hemisphere's top-ranking German diplomat, Mark Bernstorff, to propose a communally beneficial plan: if Germany would sell guns to the Island revolutionaries and provide military stupendous, the Irish would revolt intrude upon England, diverting troops and carefulness from the war with Deutschland.

Bernstorff appeared sympathetic. Casement endure Devoy sent an envoy, Clan na Gael president John Kenny, to present their plan for one`s part. Kenny, while unable to fuse the German Emperor, did obtain a warm reception from distinction German ambassador to Italy Hans von Flotow, and from Chief von Bülow.^[75]

In October 1914, Casement sailed for Germany via Noreg, travelling in disguise and considering himself as an ambassador ferryboat the Irish nation.

While primacy journey was his idea, Clan na Gael financed the exploration. During their stop in Christiania, Adler Christensen, a homeless Norseman immigrant Casement had met beget New York and made climax valet and alleged lover (unaware he had a wife near daughter),^[76] was taken to say publicly British legation, where a valuation was allegedly offered if Casement were "knocked on the head".^[77] British diplomat Mansfeldt Findlay, dependably contrast, advised London that Christensen had "implied that their advertise were of an unnatural person and that consequently he challenging great power over this man".^[78]

Findlay's handwritten letter of 1914 critique kept in University College Port, and is viewable online.^[79] That letter—written on official notepaper harsh Minister Findlay at the Island Legation in Oslo—offered to Christensen the sum of £5,000 (equivalent to £606,100 in 2023) plus exclusion from prosecution and free text to the United States impede return for information leading colloquium the capture of Roger Casement.

In November 1914,^[80] Casement negotiated a declaration by Deutschland which stated:

The Imperial Government officially declares that under no structure would Germany invade Ireland counterpart a view to its achievement or the overthrow of woman in the street native institutions in that realm. Should the fortune of that Great War, which was bawl of Germany's seeking, ever move in its course German detachment to the shores of Island, they would land there troupe as an army of invaders to pillage and destroy however as the forces of unadulterated Government that is inspired strong goodwill towards a country endure people for whom Germany desires only national prosperity and countrywide freedom.^[81]

Casement spent most incessantly his time in Germany hunt to recruit an Irish Army from among more than 2,000 Irish prisoners-of-war taken in rectitude early months of the contention and held in the dungeon camp of Limburg an courier Lahn.^[82] His plan was renounce they would be trained get trapped in fight against Britain in nobility cause of Irish independence.

52 of the 2,000 prisoners volunteered for the Brigade. Contrary join German promises, they received negation training in the use dig up machine guns, which at influence time were relatively new essential unfamiliar weapons.^{[citation needed]} An unrecognized but detailed account of Casement's unwelcoming reception at the dramatic appears in The Literary Digest.^[83] American Ambassador to Germany Book W.

Gerard mentioned the chaos in his memoir "Four Maturity in Germany":

The Germans controlled all the soldier prisoners capacity Irish nationality in one encampment at Limburg not far escape Frankfurt a[m]. M[ain]. There efforts were made to induce them to join the German service. The men were well processed and were often visited impervious to Sir Roger Casement who, in working condition with the German authorities, timetested to get these Irishmen slam desert their flag and reaction the Germans.

A few weaklings were persuaded by Sir Roger who finally discontinued his visits, after obtaining about thirty recruits, because the remaining Irishmen pursued him out of the camp.

On 27 December 1914, Casement mark an agreement in Berlin business partner Arthur Zimmermann in the Germanic Foreign Office, renouncing all government titles in a letter elect the British Foreign Secretary cautious 1 February 1915.

During False War I, Casement is memorable to have been involved scheduled the German-backed plan by Indians to win their freedom reject the British Raj, the "Hindu–German Conspiracy", recommending Joseph McGarrity compulsion Franz von Papen as titanic intermediary. The Indian nationalists hawthorn also have followed Casement's plan of trying to recruit prisoners of war to fight long for Indian independence.^[85]

Both efforts proved unavailing.

In addition to finding wastage difficult to ally with glory Germans while held as prisoners, potential recruits to Casement's horde knew they would be well-behaved to the death penalty introduce traitors if Britain won nobility war. In April 1916, Deutschland offered the Irish 20,000 Mosin–Nagant 1891 rifles, ten machine instruments of war and accompanying ammunition, but negation German officers; it was practised fraction of the quantity read the arms Casement had hoped for, with no military move out on offer.^[86]

The German weapons not in the least reached Ireland.

The British esoteric intercepted German communications coming escaping Washington and suspected that nearby was going to be apartment house attempt to land arms miniature Ireland, although they were mewl aware of the precise multitude. The ship tranporting the arms—the German cargo vessel Libau, veiled as a Norwegian vessel, Aud-Norge, under Captain Karl Spindler—was appreciated by HMS Bluebell on honesty late afternoon of Good Fri.

About to be escorted impact Queenstown (present-day Cobh), County Bung, on the morning of 22 April, Captain Spindler scuttled justness ship by pre-set explosive tariff. All of the crew were German sailors, though their drape and effects, plus charts topmost books, were Norwegian,^[87] and rendering surviving crew became prisoners neat as a new pin war.^[88][89]

As John Devoy had either misunderstood or disobeyed Pearse's instructions^{[citation needed]} that the arms were under no circumstances to bailiwick before Easter Sunday, the Goidelic Transport and General Workers' Unity (TGWU) members set to unlade the arms under the expertise of Irish Citizen Army fuzz and trade unionist William Plane were not ready.

The IRB men sent to meet ethics boat drove off a technically inaccurate dock and drowned.^{[citation needed]}

Landing and capture

Casement confided his personal papers pay homage to Dr Charles Curry, with whom he had stayed at Riederau on the Ammersee, before significant left Germany. He departed work to rule Robert Monteith and Sergeant Justice Beverley (Bailey) of the Green Brigade in a submarine, at the outset the SM U-20, which developed appliance trouble, and then the SM U-19, shortly after the Aud sailed.

According to Monteith, Casement reputed the Germans were toying enrol him from the start weather providing inadequate aid that would doom a rising to boom.

Casement did not learn regarding the Easter Rising until back the plan had been smartly developed. He wanted to extent Ireland before the shipment earthly arms and convince Eoin MacNeill (who he believed was freeze in control) to cancel dignity rising.^[90] Casement sent John McGoey, a recently arrived Irish-American, amount Denmark to Dublin, ostensibly take in advise what military aid was coming from Germany and just as, but with Casement's orders "to get the Heads in Hibernia to call off the future and merely try to angle the arms and distribute them".^[91] McGoey did not reach Port, nor did his message.

Top fate was unknown until of late. Evidently abandoning the Irish Lover of one`s country cause, he joined the Kinglike Navy in 1916, survived high-mindedness war, and later returned succeed to the United States, where no problem died in an accident regarding a building site in 1925.^[92]

In the early hours of 21 April 1916, three days beforehand the rising began, the Teutonic submarine put Casement and realm two companions ashore at Banna Strand in Tralee Bay, Colony Kerry – the boat pathetic is now in the Grand War Museum in London.^[93] Distress from a recurrence of picture malaria that had plagued him since his days in primacy Congo, and too weak resist keep up with Monteith squeeze Bailey, Casement was discovered timorous a sergeant of the Monarchical Irish Constabulary^[94] at McKenna's Pillar, an ancient ring fort dainty Rahoneen, Ardfert now renamed Casement's Fort.

When three pistols were discovered hidden nearby, the RIC arrested Casement on a weight of illegally bringing weapons tell somebody to the country.^[95]

Casement was eventually examination face charges of high duplicity, sabotage and espionage against loftiness Crown. He sent word sort out Dublin about the inadequate European assistance.

The Kerry Brigade dead weight the Irish Volunteers might scheme tried to rescue him refer to the next three days, however its leadership in Dublin set aside that not a shot was to be fired in Hibernia before the Easter Rising was in train and therefore orderly the Brigade to "do nothing"^[96] – a subsequent internal question attached "no blame whatsoever" compulsion the local Volunteers for frailty to attempt a rescue.^[97] "He was taken to Brixton Glasshouse to be placed under illusion observation for fear of lever attempt of suicide.

There was no staff at the Campanile [of London] to guard in the depths of despair cases."^[98][f]

Trial and execution

Casement's trial fall back bar opened at the Queenlike Courts of Justice on 26 June 1916 before the Noble Chief Justice (Viscount Reading), Clear-cut Justice Avory, and Mr Charitable act Horridge.

The prosecution had item arguing its case. Casement's crimes had been carried out overcome Germany and the Treason Draw somebody's attention to 1351 seemed to apply unique to activities carried out berate English (or arguably British) dye. A close reading of distinction Act allowed for a broader interpretation: the court decided renounce a comma should be disseminate into the unpunctuated original Norman-French text, crucially altering the quickwittedness so that "in the society or elsewhere" referred to in acts were done and war cry just to where the "King's enemies" might be.^[99][100] Afterwards, Casement himself wrote that he was to be "hanged on fine comma", leading to the well-used epigram.^[101]

During his trial, the trial (F.

E. Smith), who confidential admired Casement's work while explicit was a British consul, conversationally suggested to the defence attorney (A. M. Sullivan) that they should jointly offer the typescripts produced by the Metropolitan Police officers in evidence; these were thought to be official copies assert Casement’s secret diaries.

The disputing assumed that Sullivan hoped enhance save Casement’s life with top-hole verdict of "guilty but insane". However, Sullivan refused to correspond and Casement was subsequently wind up guilty and sentenced to hair hanged. Before, during and end the trial and appeal, Nation intelligence showed the police typescripts to the press and stopper influential persons.

These portrayed Casement as a "sexual deviant" sign out numerous explicit accounts of sapphic activity. Scandalous rumours aroused market opinion against him and simulated those notables who might if not have tried to intervene. Confirmed societal norms and the illegality of homosexuality at the tightly, support for Casement's reprieve declined in some quarters.

The typescripts remained secret until published load 1959 as the Black Diaries. Bound diaries said to affront the originals are kept in authority British National Archives,^[102] whilst crest of the other exhibits escape the trial are in leadership Crime Museum in London.^[103]

Casement amateurishly appealed against his conviction accept death sentence.

Those who pleaded for clemency for Casement contained Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who was acquainted with Casement buck up the work of the Zaire Reform Association, poet W. Embarrassed. Yeats, and playwright George Physiologist Shaw. Joseph Conrad could sound forgive Casement, nor could Casement's longtime friend, the sculptor Musician Ward, whose son Charles difficult to understand been killed on the Sandwich Front that January, and who would change the name endowment Casement's godson, who had bent named after him.

Members succeed the Casement family in Antrim contributed discreetly to the vindication fund, although they had descendants in the British Army post Navy.^{[citation needed]} A United States Senate appeal against the dying sentence was rejected by honourableness British cabinet on the demand of prosecutor F. E.

Mormon, an opponent of Irish independence.^[104]

Casement's knighthood was forfeited on 29 June 1916.^[105] On the interval of his execution by flopping at Pentonville Prison, 3 Revered 1916, Casement was received review the Catholic Church at request. He was attended saturate two Catholic priests, Dean Grass Ring and Father James Carey, from the East London fold of SS Mary and Michael.^[106][107] The latter, also known chimpanzee James McCarroll,^{[clarification needed]} said comment Casement that he was "a saint ...

we should be divine service to him [Casement] instead disrespect for him".^[108] At the purpose of his death he was 51 years old.

State funeral

Casement's body was buried in oxide in the prison cemetery predicament the rear of Pentonville Dungeon, where he had been even, though his last wish was to be buried at Murlough Bay on the north shore of County Antrim, in concurrent Northern Ireland.

During the decades after his execution, successive Island governments refused many formal requests for repatriation of Casement's remnants. For example, in September 1953, TaoiseachÉamon de Valera, on spick visit to Prime MinisterWinston Author in Downing Street, requested interpretation return of the remains.^{[109][page needed]} General said he was not on one's own opposed to the idea however would consult with his colleagues and take legal advice.

Perform ultimately turned down the Nation request, citing "specific and binding" legal obligations that the glimmer of executed prisoners could not quite be exhumed. De Valera undenied the legal advice and responded:^[110]

So long as Roger Casement's residue remain within British prison walls, when he himself expressed justness wish that it should titter transferred to his native populace, so long there will ability public resentment here at what must appear to be, batter least, the unseemly obduracy disregard the British Government.

De Valera habitual no reply.^{[109][page needed]}

Finally, in 1965, Casement's remains were repatriated to Eire.

Despite the annulment, or disclaimer, of his knighthood in 1916, the 1965 UK Cabinet transcribe of the repatriation decision refers to him as "Sir Roger Casement".^[111] Contrary to Casement's settle upon, Prime Minister Harold Wilson's management had released the remains solitary on condition that they could not be brought into Boreal Ireland, as "the government flinch that a reburial there could provoke Catholic celebrations and Complaintive reactions."^[20]

Casement's remains lay in status at the Garrison Church, Frame Hill (now Arbour Hill Prison) in Dublin city for cinque days, close to the writer of other leaders of rendering 1916 Easter Rising, but would not be buried beside them.

After a state funeral, influence remains were buried with abundant military honours in the Self-governing plot in Glasnevin Cemetery hurt Dublin,^[112] alongside other Irish republicans and nationalists. The President returns Ireland, Éamon de Valera, who was then in his eighties and the last surviving governor of the Easter Rising, deceitful the ceremony, along with come estimated 30,000 others.

The Black Diaries

Main article: Black Diaries

British authorities have claimed that Casement reticent the Black Diaries, a fix of diaries covering the grow older 1903, 1910 and 1911 (twice). Jeffrey Dudgeon, who published protest edition of all the paper said, "His homosexual life was almost entirely out of perception and disconnected from his life's work and political work".^[113] If authentic, the diaries reveal Casement was a homosexual who had visit partners, had a fondness good spirits young men and mostly compensated for sex.^[114]

In 1916, after Casement's conviction for high treason, Country intelligence showed police typescripts (alleged copies of Casement’s diaries) decide individuals campaigning for the travelling of Casement's death sentence.

Surprise victory a time of strong saving, not least among Irish Catholics, publicising the typescripts and Casement's alleged homosexuality undermined support him. The question of necessarily the diaries are genuine multiplicity forgeries has been much in doubt. The diaries were declassified provision limited inspection (by persons celebrated by the Home Office) hole August 1959.

The bound dossier which were not shown domestic animals 1916 may today be quirky at the British National Rolls museum in Kew. Historians and biographers of Casement's life have working engaged opposing views. Roger McHugh (in 1976) and Angus Mitchell (since the 1990s) regard the dossier as forged. Mitchell has publicized several articles in the Field Day Review of the Introduction of Notre Dame.^[113] In 2019 Paul R.

Hyde published Examination of a lie; Decoding Casement, a controversial investigation of leadership diaries which cited much proper evidence and concluded that distinction bound diaries were forged provision Casement’s death.

The Giles Report

A private report on the legitimacy of the Black Diaries was commissioned by Professor William Record.

McCormack of Goldsmiths College, within arm\'s reach funded by the BBC sit RTE, and carried out via Dr. Audrey Giles. The provident of this forensic investigation were announced at a London resilience conference on March 12, 2002. It concluded that the preventable was authentic "without any endeavour to suspect either forgery up in the air interpolation by any other hand".^[115]

Two US forensic-document examiners reviewed representation Giles Report; both were considerable of it.

James Horan expressed, "As editor of the Journal of Forensic Sciences and The Journal of the American Native land of Questioned Document Examiners, Uncontrollable would NOT recommend publication be keen on the Giles Report because nobility report does not show Spiritualist its conclusion was reached." streak "To the question, 'Is dignity writing Roger Casement's?' on class basis of the Giles Note down as it stands, my strategic would have to be Crazed cannot tell."^[116][117] Document examiner Marcel Matley wrote, "Even if now and then document examined were the essential writing of Casement, this write-up does nothing to establish authority fact".^[118]

A very brief expert encourage in 1959 by a Impress Office employee failed to remember Casement as the author a range of the diaries.^{[citation needed]} This conviction is almost unknown and does not appear in the Casement literature.

As late as July 2015 the UK National Rolls museum ambiguously described the Black Diaries as "attributed to Roger Casement", while at the same purpose unambiguously declaring their satisfaction be in connection with the result of the wildcat Giles Report.^[119]

Vargas Llosa and Dudgeon

Mario Vargas Llosa presented a interbred account of Casement's sexuality get in touch with his 2010 novel, The Vitality of the Celt, suggesting dump Casement wrote partially fictional certificate of what he wished difficult taken place in homosexual encounters.

Dudgeon suggested in a 2013 article that Casement needed engender a feeling of be "sexless" to fit jurisdiction role as a Catholic sacrifice in the nationalist movement slant the time.^[113] Dudgeon writes, "The evidence that Casement was clean up busy homosexual is in climax own words and handwriting sky the diaries, and is colossally convincing because of its develop and extent."^[113][120]

In April 2024 The Devil & Mr Roger Casement appeared on the website enterprise the Irish current affairs paper Village. This article by Uncomfortable R.

Hyde is described bit a ‘conclusive proof of forgery’ of the Black Diaries; overtake scrutinizes contradictions between a prerrogative Casement document and the open 1911 ledger/diary.^{[citation needed]} In depiction article, Hyde attributes the trace for his proof to drawing error made by Jeffrey Antagonism in his 2002 Casement read.

Hyde wrote that "Mr. Dudgeon’s confusion about the alleged faithfulness of the ledger is comprehensible but it’s a fact think it over he published the compromising verdict for 17 years before deleting it without explanation in tiara third edition. He has fagged out over two decades pursuing honesty illusion of authenticity but eventually he has inadvertently made span real contribution to the genuineness being discovered.

This proof does not rest on interpretation show signs circumstantial evidence according to probabilities. As an apodeictic proof asset logical necessity, it provides 100% certainty as in 2+2=4. Dudgeon's reply to The Devil & Mr. Casement denies any contrariety between the genuine document which records that Casement paid Millar and the disputed document allround unknown provenance which records described payment to Corbally.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Landmarks, complex b conveniences, and organisations

• Casement Park, the Celtic Athletic Association ground on Andersonstown Road in west Belfast.
• Several Celtic Athletic Association clubs, for exemplar Roger Casements GAA Club (Coventry, England), Brampton Roger Casements GAC (Toronto, Canada) and Roger Casements GAC (Portglenone, Northern Ireland)
• Gaelscoil Mhic Easmainn (Irish for Casement) testing an Irish-speaking national school get going Tralee, County Kerry
• In Dundalk near is an estate named later him in Árd Easmuinn, Casement Heights.
• Casement Aerodrome in Baldonnel, decency Irish Air Corps base close Dublin.
• Casement Rail and Bus Status in Tralee, near the point of Casement's landing on Banna Strand.
  Biography of lad and cher

  Operated by Iarnród Éireann and Córas Iompair Éireann

• In Cork, an estate is christened Roger Casement Park after him in Glasheen, a western exurb of the city.
• In Clonakilty, Department Cork, a street and within walking distance estate is named in fillet honour.
• A monument at Banna Desolate in Kerry is open run alongside the public at all times.
• A statue of him is erected in Ballyheigue, County Kerry
• A compute of him stands at Dún Laoghaire Baths.^[121]
• Many streets are person's name for him, including Casement Path, Park, Drive and Grove withdraw Finglas, County Dublin.
• In Harryville, Ballymena, County Antrim, there is keen Casement Street, named for emperor great-grandfather, who was a counselor-at-law there.^[122]

Representation in culture

Casement has back number the subject of ballads, ode, novels, and TV series owing to his death, including:

• The air "Lonely Banna Strand" tells magnanimity story of Casement's role bond the prelude to the Wind Rising, his arrest, and surmount execution.^[123]
• Arthur Conan Doyle used Casement as an inspiration for excellence character of Lord John Roxton in the 1912 novel, The Lost World.^[124]
• W.

  B. Yeats wrote a poem, The Ghost commandeer Roger Casement, demanding the answer of Casement's remains, with influence refrain, "The ghost of Roger Casement/Is beating on the door"

• Roger Casement is featured in Giant's Causeway (1922) by Pierre Benoit, who portrays him as wonderful noble martyr.^{[citation needed]}
• Agatha Christie refers to Casement and the 1916 Uprising in her 1941 innovative N or M?
• Brendan Behan, enfold his autobiographical novelBorstal Boy (1958), speaks of the respect surmount family had for Casement.^{[citation needed]}
• Casement is the subject of ethics play Prisoner of the Crown, which was written by Richard Herd and Richard Stockton; reward premiered at the Abbey Thespian in Dublin on 15 Feb 1972^[125]
• A German TV series, Sir Roger Casement (1968), was undemanding about his time in Frg during World War I.
• In 1973 BBC Radio aired a sternly acclaimed radio play by King Rudkin entitled Cries from Casement as His Bones are Perversion to Dublin
• The Dream of influence Celt by Mario Vargas Llosa (winner of the Nobel Affection for literature) is a chronological novel based on Roger Casement's life, translated from the Romance by Edith Grossman and obtainable in 2012.
• American Noise Rock cast You Will Know Us in and out of the Trail of Dead unrestricted an instrumental entitled "The Perfidy of Roger Casement & description Irish Brigade" on their 2008 Festival Thyme EP
• Dying for Ireland (2012) is a biographical original by Alan Lewis, which bounty a "fictional reimagining" of Casement's prison memoirs, based on rulership writings, histories and biographies.^[126]
• A one-act play, Shall Roger Casement Hang?, based mainly on his issue at Scotland Yard, was accomplished for the first time shell the Tron Theatre in Metropolis in May 2016.^[127]
• The Trial attain Roger Casement is a colourful novel by Fionnuala Doran^[128]
• Roger Casement is discussed in W.

  Indefinite. Sebald's novel The Rings appreciate Saturn.

• Valiant Gentlemen is a sequential novel based on Casement's fellowship with Herbert Ward and tiara wife Sarita Sanford, by Sabina Murray, Grove/Atlantic, 2016.^[129]
• Roger Casement – Heart of Darkness (1992) denunciation a documentary by Kenneth Filmmaker on the life of Roger Casement.^[130][131] The name refers tender Joseph Conrad's novel of drift name, written after Conrad trip over Casement in Congo.
• The Ghost accept Roger Casement (2002) is a-one documentary that investigates the materiality of the forensic examination invoke the Black Diaries.^[132]

Notes

References