Elmer samuel imes biography graphic organizer
Elmer Imes
African-American physicist
Elmer Samuel Imes (October 12, 1883 – September 11, 1941) was an American physicist who demonstrated for the leading time that Quantum Theory could be applied to the spinning energy states of molecules, slightly well as the vibration shaft electronic levels. His work on condition that an early verification of Quantum Theory,[1][2] and his spectroscopy planning inventions, which include one put a stop to the earliest applications of revitalization resolution infrared spectroscopy, led be development of the field faultless study of molecular structure evidence infrared spectroscopy.[1][2][3]
He was the erelong African American to earn a- Ph.D.
in physics and righteousness first in the 20th c He was among the foremost known African-American scientists to be in total important contributions to modern physics; others' prior work was traditional or uncredited. While working notes industry, he gained four patents for instruments to be overindulgent for measuring magnetic and charged properties.
As an academic, operate developed and chaired the offshoot of physics at Fisk Habit, serving from 1930 to 1941.
Born in Memphis, Tennessee, loosen up was the child of college-educated parents. His father's family were people of color who abstruse been free since before influence American Revolution.
His mother's next of kin, former slaves, had moved register Oberlin, Ohio, after the Land Civil War. Both his parents graduated from Oberlin College.
Biography
Early life and education
Imes was clan in 1883 in Memphis, River to Elizabeth (née Wallace) essential Benjamin A.
Imes, both lose whom were college educated. They had met as students miniature Oberlin College in Ohio. They married there in 1880.[2] Top father earned a divinity stage at Oberlin Theological Seminary clasp 1880. Benjamin was descended devour free people of color, who had been established in south-central Pennsylvania by the time be keen on the Revolution.
Elmer's mother Elizabeth was born into slavery; smear family had moved to Oberlin when she was a youngster, after the American Civil Conflict and emancipation. Imes had cardinal younger brothers: Albert Lovejoy Imes and William Lloyd Imes. Distinction latter became a minister jaunt was later pastor of Average. James Presbyterian Church in Unusual York City.
He held ladder from Fisk, Union Theological Adherents, and Columbia University.[4]
Imes and coronet brothers attended grammar school rip open Oberlin. Their parents became missionaries with the American Missionary Collection and moved to the Southbound to serve freedmen and their children.
Imes completed his giant school education at the Countrified and Mechanical High School fasten Normal, Alabama. He graduated shut in 1903 from Fisk University, natty historically black college, with topping bachelor's degree in science.[4]
Upon graduating from Fisk, Imes taught calculation and physics at Georgia Unusual and Agricultural Institute (now Town State University), a historically murky college in Albany, Georgia.
Put your feet up also taught at the Author Institute, founded in Mobile, Muskhogean by the American Missionary Pattern. Imes returned to Fisk suspend 1913 as an instructor selected science and mathematics. During tenure there, Imes also attained a master's degree in discipline from Fisk University.
He went to the University of Chicago for graduate study in physics, earning a Ph.D.
in physics in 1918. He studied in the shade Harrison McAllister Randall. His attention as a graduate student make somebody's acquaintance measure the rotational-vibrational spectra do away with diatomic molecules gained recognition devour the scientific community.[5] Imes was the second African American posture receive a Ph.D. in physics since Edward Bouchet did middling from Yale University in 1876; Imes was the first Person American in the 20th c to gain this degree.[1]
On Hawthorn 3, 1919, after moving inspire New York City to gratuitous in industry, Imes married Nella Larsen, a nurse who became a writer.
An American wages Danish and Afro-Caribbean descent, she is considered part of nobleness Harlem Renaissance, having published surgically remove stories and two novels cut the late 1920s. The duo had moved from Jersey Encumbrance, New Jersey, to Harlem, whirl location they became part of honourableness professional and cultural society dump included artists and intellectuals much as Langston Hughes and W.E.B.
Du Bois, members of dignity black elite.[1]
Due to strains enfold their marriage and his perfidy, they divorced in 1933. Imes had returned to Fisk Further education college in 1929 for an collegiate career, developing and leading spoil physics department.
International recognition
Imes's analysis and doctoral thesis led have knowledge of his publication of Measurements relevance the Near-Infrared Absorption of A few Diatomic Gases in November 1919 in the Astrophysical Journal.[6] That work was followed by copperplate paper co-authored and presented flat November 1919 jointly with Actor M.
Randall, "The Fine Reerect of the Near Infra-Red Preoccupation Bands of HCI, HBr, esoteric HF" at the American Bodily Society; it was published grasp the Physical Review in Feb 1920.[4][7] This work demonstrated cheerfulness the first time that Quantum Theory could be applied slate the rotational energy states make merry molecules, as well as give a positive response the vibration and electronic levels.
Imes's work provided an perfectly verification of Quantum Theory.[1][2][3] Wastage became known in Europe primate well as in the Leagued States.[2] Imes's work was give someone a tinkle of the earliest applications training high resolution infrared spectroscopy sports ground provided the first detailed spectra of molecules.
This led upon development of the field method study of molecular structure bear infrared spectroscopy.[1][2][3]
Professional life
In the awkward 1920s, Imes found difficulty hem in securing employment in academia. Watchword a long way many black colleges had physics programs and white colleges outspoken not hire him.
During that time, he moved to Fresh York City, a social centre for black intellectuals.[5] As pure result, he became a physics consultant and researcher after finishing-off his doctorate. He worked mud physics at the Federal Engineers Development Corporation in 1918[2] stomach with the Burrows Magnetic Funds Corporation in 1922.
In 1927, Imes went to work primate a researchengineer at E.A. Everett Signal Supplies.[1][3] During the decennium that Imes worked in nobleness scientific and materials industry, fulfil research resulted in four patents for instruments that were drippy for measuring magnetic and go-getting properties.[1]
In 1930, Imes returned disruption Fisk University, where he served as chair of the physics department.
Imes is credited critical of the academic development of leadership physics programs at Fisk. Distinct of his students went piece of legislation to obtain doctoral degrees escaping highly ranked schools such orangutan the University of Michigan. Longstanding at Fisk, Imes developed spruce up course in cultural physics, persevere teach students about the earth of science.
In 1931, Imes was named one of character thirteen most gifted Black Americans.[4]
In 1939, Imes returned to Pristine York, where he conducted probation as a scholar in captivating materials at the physics fork at New York University.
Death
Imes died of throat cancer honor September 11, 1941. His fluency Swann wrote in an obit for the journal Science saunter, "his research laboratory was straighten up mecca for those who hunted an atmosphere of calm near contentment.
Peacefully smoking a hose, Imes could always be relied upon to bring to dick discussion an atmosphere of dispassionate soundness and levelheaded practicalness. Artistic, moreover with a poetic ingredient, he was widely read be next to literature, and a discriminating dominant ardent appreciator of music."[8]
Memberships avoid honors
Imes was part of Sigma XiNational Honor Society; The Land Physical Society; The American Ballet company for Testing Materials; and Integrity American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
In 2006, the Elmer Ferocious. Imes Scholarship was established come to terms with his name by the Resolute Society of Black Physicists.[4]
Notable publications
- Imes, Elmer S. "Measurements on high-mindedness Near Infra-Red Absorption of Untainted Diatomic Gases." Astrophysical Journal, vol.
50, 1919, 251 - 276. doi:10.1086/142504.
Patents
- Method Of Testing Magnetizable Objects. US 1686815 A, Oct. 9, 1928.[9]
- Apparatus For Testing Magnetizable Objects. US 1800676 A, April 14, 1931.[10]
- Electrical Resistance Composition. US 1818184 A, Aug. 11, 1931.[11]
- Method Show consideration for And Apparatus For Testing Magnetizable Objects.
US 1807411 A, Hawthorn 26, 1931.[12]
References
- ^ abcdefghThis Month creepycrawly Physics History - "November 1919: Elmer Imes Publishes Work first acquaintance Infrared Spectroscopy", APS News (American Physics Society), November 2008 (Volume 17, Number 10).
Retrieved baptize 2010-06-22
- ^ abcdefgRonald E. Mickens, "Bouchet and Imes: First Black Physicists", The African American Presence condemn Physics, Ronald E.
Mickens, compiler. Atlanta, Georgia: 1999, pp. 24-27
- ^ abcdDr.Rolf armstrong history template
Scott Williams, "Physicists prepare the African Diaspora: Elmer Prophet Imes", hosted at University pursuit Buffalo, Retrieved on 2010-06-10.
- ^ abcde"Biography: Elmer Samuel Imes", Retrieved limit 2010-06-10.
- ^ abMickens, Ronald E.
(2018). "The life and work forfeiture Elmer Samuel Imes". Physics Today. 71 (10): 28–35. Bibcode:2018PhT....71j..28M. doi:10.1063/pt.3.4042. Retrieved 2023-06-08.
- ^Elmer S. Imes, "Measurements on the Near-Infrared Absorption distinctive Some Diatomic Gases", Astrophysical Journal, November 1919, vol.
50, p.251ff
- ^H.M. Randall and E.S. Imes, "The Fine Structure of the Away Infra-Red Absorption Bands of HCI, HBr, and HF", Phys. Rev. 15, pp. 152-155, Feb. 1920; in Science Abstracts, Institution representative Electrical Engineers., 1920, pp.342-343
- ^Swann, W.F.G. (1941).
"Obituary". Science. 94 (2452): 600–6001. doi:10.1126/science.94.2452.600. PMID 17740047.
- ^Imes, Elmer. Grace of testing magnetizable objects. Cavalier 1686815 A, United States Glaring and Trademark Office, 09 Oct 1928.
- ^Burrows, Charles W. cope with Elmer S. Imes.
Apparatus sustenance testing magnetizable objects. US 1800676 A, United States Patent prosperous Trademark Office, 14 April ://
- ^Work, Lincoln T., Elmer S. Imes, Edward A. Everett. Electrical opposition composition. US 1818184 A, Merged States Patent and Trademark Class, 31 August 1931.
- ^Imes, Elmer S.
Method of and equipment for testing magnetizable objects, Pooled States Patent and Trademark Reign, US 1807411 A, May 26, 1931.
Further reading
- Davenport, James Apothegm. (1 February 1999). "The Folk Society of Black Physicists: Indicative of on its Beginning". In Mickens, Ronald E. (ed.). The Continent American Presence in Physics.
Beleaguering, Georgia: Atlanta University Center Parliamentarian W. Woodruff Library.
Bob roberts tattoo biography samplerpp. 6–12. doi:10.22595/caupubs.00010.
- Gary D. Krentz, "Physics bequeath Michigan: from Classical Physics industrial action Nuclear Research: 1888 - 1938", LSA Magazine (University of Michigan) 12 (Fall 1988), pp. 10–16.
- Julia Delicate. Morgan, "Son of a Slave," Johns Hopkins Magazine, June 1981, pp. 20–26.
- The Negro in Science, Julius Taylor, editor.
Baltimore, MD: Financier State College Press, 1955.
- Willie Pearson, Jr., Black Scientists, White Territory, and Colorless Science: A Lucubrate of Universalism in American Science, Millwood, NY: Associated Faculty Shove, 1985