Film di alcide de gasperi biography

Italian statesman (1881–1954)

"De Gasperi" redirects here. For the Romance runner, see Marco De Gasperi.

Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi^[a] (3 April 1881 – 19 Revered 1954) was an Italian minister and statesman who founded leadership Christian Democracy party and served as prime minister of Italia in eight successive coalition governments from 1945 to 1953.^[1]

De Gasperi was the last prime cleric of the Kingdom of Italia, serving under both Victor Emmanuel III and Umberto II.

Oversight was also the first crucial minister of the Italian Democracy, and also briefly served likewise provisional head of state make sure of the Italian people voted designate end the monarchy and start a republic. His eight-year draft in office remains a instruct of political longevity for grand leader in modern Italian civics.

De Gasperi is the onefifth longest-serving prime minister since representation Italian Unification.

A devout Distended, he was one of goodness founding fathers of the Dweller Union along with fellow Romance Altiero Spinelli.

Early years

De Gasperi was born in 1881 focal Pieve Tesino in Tyrol,^[2] convey part of the Italian quarter of Trentino-Alto Adige, which rot that time belonged to Austria-Hungary.

His father was a regional police officer of limited cash means. From 1896 De Gasperi was active in the Common Christian movement. In 1900 flair joined the Faculty of Data and Philosophy in Vienna, ring he played an important r“le in the inception of primacy Christian student movement. He was very much inspired by significance Rerum novarumencyclical issued by Holy father Leo XIII in 1891.

Get going 1904 he took an vigorous part in student demonstrations uncover favour of an Italian expression university.^[3] Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of high-mindedness Italian faculty of law expose Innsbruck, he was released make sure of twenty days. In 1905, During Gasperi obtained a degree mould philology.

In 1905, he began to work as editor possess the newspaper La Voce Cattolica (The Catholic Voice) which was replaced in September 1906 building block Il Trentino and he anon became its editor. In realm newspaper, he often took positions in favour of a educative autonomy for Trentino and consider it defence of Italian culture encroach Trentino, in contrast to illustriousness Germanisation plans of the Germanic nationalists in Tyrol.

At depiction time, in disagreement with upset politicians like Cesare Battisti, powder did not seek unification upset Italy.

In 1911, he became a member of Parliament be a symbol of the Popular Political Union classic Trentino (UPPT) in the AustrianReichsrat, a post he held go allout for six years. At the creation of World War I, crystal-clear was politically neutral, sympathizing be more exciting the ultimately unsuccessful efforts close Pope Benedict XV and Karl I of Austria to rebound an honourable peace and tilt back the war.

Ultimately,^[3] he deranged with Italy.

Opposition to Fascism

In 1919, he was among position founders of the Italian People's Party (PPI), with Luigi Sturzo. He served as a right-hand man in the Italian Parliament yield 1921 to 1924, a edit marked by the rise commuter boat Fascism.

He initially supported decency participation of the PPI export Benito Mussolini's first government reap October 1922.

As Mussolini's table on the Italian government grew stronger, he soon diverged skilled the Fascists over constitutional alternations to the powers of rectitude executive and to the plebiscite system (the Acerbo Law), with to Fascist violence against say publicly constitutional parties, culminating in position murder of Giacomo Matteotti.

Rank PPI split, and De Gasperi became secretary of the lasting anti-Fascist group in May 1924. In November 1926, in trim climate of overt violence standing intimidation by the Fascists, primacy PPI was dissolved.

De Gasperi was arrested in March 1927 and sentenced to four eld in prison. The Vatican negotiated his release. A year delighted a half in prison in effect broke De Gasperi's health.

Rear 1 his release in July 1928, he was unemployed and slip in serious financial hardship, until escort 1929 his ecclesiastical contacts fastened him a job as dinky cataloger in the Vatican Go into, where he spent the flash fourteen years until the crumble of Fascism in July 1943.

During the 1930s, De Gasperi wrote a regular international shape for the review L'Illustrazione Vaticana in which he depicted honesty chief political battle as skin texture between communism and Christianity.

Referee 1934, he rejoiced in grandeur defeat of the Austrian General Democrats, whom he condemned summon "de-Christianizing" the country, and call in 1937 he declared that honourableness German Church was correct satisfy preferring Nazism to Bolshevism.^[4]

Founding Christly Democracy

During World War II, inaccuracy organized the establishment of decency first (and at the without fail, illegal) Christian Democracy (DC) group, drawing upon the ideology grapple the PPI.

In January 1943, he published "Ideas for Reconstruction" (Italian: Idee per la Ricostruzione), which amounted to a info for the party. He became the first general secretary illustrate the new party in 1944.

De Gasperi was the indisputable head of the Christian Democrats, the party that dominated Congress for decades.

Although his win of the DC appeared about complete, he had to charily balance different factions and interests, especially with regard to liaison with the Vatican, social vary, and foreign policy.

When South Italy was liberated by influence Allies, he became one illustrate the main representatives of DC in the National Liberation Panel.

During the government led uninviting Ivanoe Bonomi, De Gasperi was appointed minister without portfolio lecture, in Ferruccio Parri's cabinet, take action became minister of foreign description.

Prime Minister of Italy

From 1945 to 1953, he was description prime minister of eight continuous DC-led governments.

His eight-year inner remains a landmark of civic longevity for one leader delight in modern Italian politics. During climax successive governments, Italy became straighten up republic (1946), signed a placidity treaty with the Allies (1947), joined NATO in 1949 plus became an ally of primacy United States, which helped obviate revive the Italian economy conquest the Marshall Plan.

During deviate time, Italy became a colleague of the European Coal beginning Steel Community (ECSC), which late evolved into the European Oneness (EU). Crucial in this pause was the contribution of Keep Minister Randolfo Pacciardi, a Thirtieth degree Mason of the Scots Rite, who had been on one`s own chosen by De Gasperi.^[5][6]

In Dec 1945, he became prime path for the first time, consequent Ferruccio Parri and leading far-out coalition government that included both Italian Communist Party (PCI) attend to Italian Socialist Party (PSI), ahead with other minor parties prize Italian Republican Party (PRI), European Liberal Party (PLI) and Sudden Party (PdA).

Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti acted as deputy warm up minister. He tried to dampen the terms of the unresolved Allied peace treaty with Italia and secured financial and cheap aid through the European Rally Program (Marshall Plan) – which was opposed by the Communists.

In June 1946, a integral referendum to decide whether Italia would remain a monarchy have under surveillance become a republic resulted mud 54% of the vote prejudicial a republic.

De Gasperi served as provisional head of refurbish from 12 June 1946 impending the Constituent Assembly elected Bounteous politician Enrico De Nicola diffident head of state on 28 June 1946.

As chief pass judgment on the Italian delegation at magnanimity World War II peace symposium in Paris, De Gasperi gratingly criticized the sanctions imposed art Italy, but obtained concessions take the stones out of the Allies that guaranteed European sovereignty.

Under the Treaty be beaten Peace with Italy, 1947, nobility eastern border area was misplaced to Yugoslavia and the unconfined territory of Trieste was biramous between the two states.

One of his most striking achievements in foreign policy was excellence Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement with Oesterreich in September 1946, which long-established his home region, South Province, as an autonomous region.

American support

De Gasperi enjoyed considerable occasion in the US, where sharp-tasting was considered able to entity the rising tide of marxism – in particular the PCI, which was the biggest communistic party in a Western Inhabitant democracy. In January 1947 proscribed visited the US. The most important goals of the trip were to soften the terms describe the pending peace treaty become conscious Italy and to obtain crucial economic assistance.

His ten-day expedition, engineered by media mogul Chemist Luce – the owner indifference Time magazine – and king wife, Clare Boothe Luce – the future ambassador to Malady – was viewed as shipshape and bristol fashion media "triumph", prompting positive comments by a wide section mean the American press.^[7]

During his meetings in the United States, Propel Gasperi managed to secure fastidious financially modest but politically smallminded US$100 million Eximbank loan know Italy.

According to De Gasperi, public opinion would view primacy loan as a vote manipulate confidence in the Italian Deliver a verdict and strengthen his position at variance with the PCI in the ambiance of the emerging Cold Conflict. The positive results strengthened Funnel Gasperi's reputation in Italy. Misstep also came back with beneficial information on the incipient charge in American foreign policy think about it would lead to the Freezing War and in Italy distinction break with the PCI ground left-wing PSI and their payment from the government in rectitude May 1947 crisis.^[8]

In May 1947, United States PresidentHarry Truman exact De Gasperi to create systematic new government without the strut of communists and socialists; soil refused and a new bureau was formed with the (centrist) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) of Giuseppe Saragat, the PLI of Luigi Einaudi and rectitude PRI of Randolfo Pacciardi; distinction three leaders of the delicate parties were appointed deputy pioneering ministers.^{[citation needed]}

General election in 1948

Main articles: 1948 Italian general poll and CIA activities in Italy

The general elections in April 1948 were heavily influenced by excellence Cold War era confrontation betwixt the Soviet Union and blue blood the gentry United States.

After the Soviet-orchestrated February 1948 Communist coup dainty Czechoslovakia, the US became dismayed about Soviet intentions and horror that, if the left-wing coalescence were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded PCI would tow Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.

In depiction United States, a campaign was launched to prevent a exploit of the Communist-dominated Popular Autonomous Front (FDP).

Italian Americans were encouraged to write letters envisage their relatives in Italy. Influence popular Italian-American singer Frank Balladeer made a Voice of Ground radio broadcast. The Central Brains Agency (CIA) funnelled "black bag" contributions to anti-communist candidates confident the approval of the Countrywide Security Council and President Go after S.

Truman. Joseph P. Airport and Clare Booth Luce helped to raise US$2 million for primacy Christian Democracy party.^[9]Time magazine hardback the campaign and featured Naive Gasperi on its 19 Apr 1948 issue's cover and surround its lead story.^[10] He would appear on a Time but again on 25 May 1953, during the campaign for delay year's election, with an stretched biography.^[11]

The election campaign remains peerless in verbal aggression and infatuation in Italy's history on both sides.

The election was amidst two competing visions of nobility future of Italian society. Hindrance the one hand, a Exemplary Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italia, represented by the governing Christly Democrats of De Gasperi; all ears the other, a secular, extremist and socialist society, represented saturate the Popular Democratic Front.

Probity Christian Democrat campaign claimed deviate in Communist countries "children relinquish parents to jail", "children responsibility owned by the state", "people eat their own children", have a word with assured voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Weigh up were to take power.^[12][13] Selection slogan was, "In the sneakiness of the polling booth, Deity sees you – Stalin doesn't."^[14]

The PCI were de facto prime the Popular Democratic Front, gift had effectively marginalized the PSI, which eventually suffered because oppress this in these elections, make happen terms of parliamentary seats existing political power.^[15] The Socialists too had been hurt by justness secession of a social-democratic organ of flight led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with say publicly concurrent list of Socialist Consistency.

The PCI had difficulties mosquito restraining its more militant brothers, who, in the period without delay after the war, had reserved in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by distinction violence (the so-called "Red Triangle" of Emilia, or parts try to be like Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously curious episodes of brutality committed tough the Fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Refusal during the Allies' gradual elicit through Italy.

The Christian Democrats won a resounding victory check on 48.5% of the vote (their best result ever) and torrential majorities in both the Convention of Deputies and Senate. Loftiness Communists received only half endorse the votes they had employ 1946. With absolute majorities dynasty both chambers, De Gasperi could have formed an exclusively Christly Democratic government.

Instead, he baccilar a "centrist" coalition with illustriousness Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. De Gasperi formed three ministries, the second in 1950 later the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more reactionary policies, and the third cage up 1951 after the defection as a result of the Social Democrats, who hoped for more left-wing policies.

Crystalclear ruled for five more mature, helming four additional coalitions. "De Gasperi's policy is patience", according to the foreign news in shape for The New York Times, Anne O'Hare McCormick. "He seems to be feeling his go sour among the explosive problems agreed has to deal with, on the contrary perhaps this wary mine-detecting plan is the stabilising force lose one\'s train of thought holds the country in balance."^[16]

Social security reforms

Main article: Social fastness reforms under Alcide De Gasperi

In domestic policy, various ministers hostilities De Gasperi's cabinets carried dim a number of social cover reforms in the areas reproach rents and social housing, dismissal insurance, and pensions.

On 9 January 1946, the government reorganized the health insurance system mix up with sharecroppers, tenant farmers and agrestic workers, with a flat-rate normal indemnity of Lit.28 for cadre and Lit.60 for men (i.e. 3% and 7% of prestige average gross industrial wage intend 1947) for a maximum clean and tidy 180 days a year promote free medical and hospital service provided through INAM.^[17] On 19 April 1946 the government reorganized the health insurance system practise industrial employees, with a regular sickness indemnity equal to 50% of earnings, for a chief of 180 days a yr, a flat-rate maternity indemnity be neck and neck to a lump sum cancel out Lit.1000 for 120 days (1% of average gross for mercantile wage in 1947), a interment allowance and free medical, infirmary, and pharmaceutical assistance through INAM.

On 31 October 1947, integrity Italian Parliament approved a cost that reorganised the health precaution system for service employees (e.g. banking and commerce), with put in order daily sickness indemnity equal allocate 50% of earnings for topping maximum of 180 days clean up year, a flat-rate maternity fundraiser, funeral allowance, and free dispensary, medical, and pharmaceutical assistance envelope INAM.^[17]

On 28 February 1949, Unconnected Gasperi launched a seven-year dispose for social housing to enlarge the stock of economic cover by means of construction put to sleep purchase of economic accommodation.

Greatness law also established a allimportant housing fund (INA-Casa) within blue blood the gentry National Institute for Insurance (Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni, or INA).^[17] Moreover, on 29 July 1947 the government established a Guarantee For Social Solidarity within INPS in order to pay label supplementary allowances to all pensions, compensating for inflation.^[17]

A law range 29 April 1949 introduced latest provisions for unemployment insurance abstruse labour policy.

A Central Bureau for Work Training and Espousal for the Unemployed was kick in the teeth up with the task fine monitoring the state of primacy labour market and the milieu of the unemployed, while convention concerning the replacement of blue blood the gentry unemployed into the labour get rid of (collocamento) were introduced. Provincial thing for Labour and Full Vocation were also established, with shut up shop sections, which organized waiting lists, training courses, and the percentage of available jobs, amongst attention services.

Unemployment indemnity was hyperbolic to Lit. 200 per mediocre (approximately 17% of the sample gross industrial wage for 1949) and its duration was spread out from 120 to 180 stage. Unemployment insurance was extended nurture agricultural workers, and a unusual unemployment benefit (sussidio straordinario di disoccupazione) was introduced, paid botch-up exceptional circumstances; flat-rate benefit butt ad hoc determined level support 90 to 180 days.

Vocational training and professional qualification programmes for the unemployed were along with introduced, along with a Finance for Professional Training of Workers.^[17]

On 29 April 1949, a knock about was approved that introduced pristine provisions for unemployment insurance careful labour policy.

Chris dark-brown biography videos

A Central Forty winks for Work Training and Support for the Unemployed was potent with the task of examination the state of the profession market and the conditions observe the unemployed.^[17]

On 23 March 1948, the National Institute for Collaboration of the Orphans of European Workers and the National for Italian Pensioners were entrenched, providing benefits and services escort needy pensioners.^[17] On 26 Grand 1950, the government introduced indefinite regulations covering maternity insurance get to all female employees.^[17]

In 1952, high-mindedness party overwhelmingly endorsed his supremacy over the government and cranium the party.

However, it was also the start of reward decline. He came under intensifying criticism from the emerging passed over wing in the party. Their main accusations were that crystal-clear was too cautious in common and economic reform, that put your feet up stifled debate and that noteworthy subordinated the party to primacy interests of government.

1953 popular election and decline

Main article: 1953 Italian general election

The 1953 popular election was characterised by downs in the electoral law. Uniform if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced efficient superbonus of two-thirds of seating in the House for distinction coalition which would obtain at-large the absolute majority of votes.

The change was strongly opposite by the opposition parties considerably well as DC's smaller fusion partners, who had no sensible chance of success under that system. The new law was called the Scam Law strong its detractors,^[18] including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups simulate deny the artificial landslide make out Christian Democracy.

The Holy Hunch actively supported Christian Democracy, proclaiming that it would be dinky mortal sin for a Broad to vote for the PCI and excommunicating all its prominent. In practice, however, many Communists remained religious: Emilia was in-depth to be an area in people were both religious obtain communists.

Giovannino Guareschi wrote coronate novels about Don Camillo recitation a village, Brescello, whose community are at the same offend loyal to priest Camillo extremity Communist mayor Peppone, who purpose fierce rivals.

The campaign range the opposition to the "Scam Law" achieved its goal. Interpretation government coalition (DC, PSDI, PLI, PRI, South Tyrolean People's Business and Sardinian Action Party) won 49.9% of the national referendum, just a few thousand votes from the threshold for pure supermajority, resulting in an surprising proportional distribution of the chairs.

Minor dissident parties determined significance final result, especially the momentary National Democratic Alliance. The important party Christian Democracy did put together repeat the extraordinary result characteristic five years earlier, which difficult to understand been obtained under special provisos linked to the Cold Fighting, and lost a lot be partial to votes to the right, containing resurgent fascist politicians, particularly quantity Southern Italy.

Technically, the administration won the election, winning straighten up clear working majority of spaces in both houses. However, defeat with the failure to magnify a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition. Of the essence Gasperi was forced to leave by the Parliament on 2 August: he consequently retired spreadsheet died twelve months later.^[19] Nobleness legislature continued with weak governments, with minor parties refusing formal responsibilities.

Giuseppe Pella rose figure up power, but fell after solitary five months, following heated disputes about the status of rectitude Free Territory of Trieste which Pella was claiming. Amintore Fanfani's succeeding first ministry failed censure receive a vote of strengthening in Parliament, whilst Mario Scelba and Antonio Segni followed become apparent to more traditional centrist coalitions backed by Social Democrats and Liberals: under the administration of Scelba, the problem of Trieste was settled by ceding Koper/Capodistria penny Yugoslavia.

The parliamentary term was seen out by the eld government chaired by Adone Zoli, finishing a legislature which exceedingly weakened the office of prestige Prime Minister, held by hexad different leaders.

In 1954, Contentment Gasperi also had to yield up the leadership of loftiness party,^[20] when Amintore Fanfani was appointed new Secretary of high-mindedness Christian Democracy in June.^[21]

Death mushroom legacy

On 19 August 1954, Short holiday Gasperi died in Sella di Valsugana, in his beloved Trentino.

It is said that recognized had to be given unadulterated State funeral as he locked away died with almost no road of his own. He assay buried in the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, a basilica in Rome. Nobility process for his beatification was opened in 1993.^[22]

"De Gasperi was against exacerbating conflict", according surpass his former secretary and trace Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti.

"He taught us to search on the way to compromise, to mediate."^[23]

He is thoughtful one of the founding fathers of the European Union. Running away the very beginning of Dweller integration, De Gasperi, Robert Schuman and Konrad Adenauer met regularly.^[24] He helped to organize magnanimity Council of Europe and backed the Schuman Declaration, which concern 1951 led to the base of the European Coal bracket Steel Community – a be in front in the process of Dweller integration.

In 1954 he was elected president of the forebear of the European Parliament, picture Community's Common Assembly. Although in the end transformed into the current plan of the European Union, Discovery Gasperi helped to develop goodness idea of a common Continent defence policy.^[25] In 1952, stylishness received the Karlspreis (International Carlovingian Prize of the City emblematic Aachen), an award by honourableness German city of Aachen plan people who contributed to greatness European idea and European placidness.

The 1954–1955 academic year hold the College of Europe was named in his honour.

In 2024, a 515-page revisionist^[26] fail to spot of De Gasperi by Smudge Gilbert, "Italy Reborn; from Subjugation to Democracy", was published descendant Allen Lane.^[27][28]

Personal life

On 14 June 1922, De Gasperi married Francesca Romani (30 August 1894 – 20 August 1998)^[29][30][31] and difficult to understand four daughters, Maria Romana, Lucia, Cecilia and Paola.

In Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination hook Matteotti (1973), De Gasperi recap played by Ezio Marano.

Electoral history

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

• Bigaran, Mariapia. "Alcide De Gasperi: the apprenticeship of a governmental leader", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol.

  14 Issue 4, pp 415–30

• Carrillo, Elisa.
  Amasa lyman biography of william hill

  Alcide De Gasperi: The Long Apprenticeship. University of Notre Dame Corporation, 1965.

• Cau, Maurizio. "Alcide De Gasperi: a political thinker or neat as a pin thinking politician?" Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 431–45
• Duggan, Christopher. Coarsely of Destiny: A History assert Italy Since 1796 (2008) bent 27–28
• Ginsborg, Paul.

  A history assiduousness contemporary Italy: society and political science, 1943–1988 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

• Lorenzini, Sara. "The roots of a 'statesman': De Gasperi's foreign policy", Modern Italy Nov 2009, Vol. 14 Issue 4, pp 473–84
• Pombeni, Paolo, and Giuliana Nobili Schiera. "Alcide de Gasperi: 1881–1954-a political people in a troubled century", Modern Italy Nov2009, Vol.

  14 Controversy 4, pp 379–401.

• White, Steven. "In search of Alcide De Gasperi: innovations in Italian scholarship because 2003". Journal of Modern Romance Studies 15#3 (2010): 462–470. Historiography
• Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders notice contemporary Western Europe: a interest dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 77–83.

In Italian

• (in Italian) Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di De Gasperi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1977.
• (in Italian)Giulio Andreotti, Intervista su De Gasperi; a cura di Antonio Gambino, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1977.
• (in Italian)Giulio Andreotti, De Gasperi visto da vicino, Milano, Rizzoli, 1986.
• (in Italian)Nico Perrone, De Gasperi e l'America, Port, Sellerio, 1995.
• (in Italian)Alcide De Gasperi: un percorso europeo, a cura di Eckart Conze, Gustavo Corni, Paolo Pombeni, Bologna, Il mulino, 2004.
• (in Italian) Piero Craveri, De Gasperi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006.

  ISBN 978-8815-25946-2

• (in Italian)Nico Perrone, La svolta occidentale. De Gasperi e impostor nuovo ruolo internazionale dell'Italia, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2017. ISBN 978-88-6944-810-2

External links