Immanuel velikovsky biography of christopher

Jewish-American historian Date of Birth: 10.06.1895 Country: Belarus

Content:

1. A Life of Revolution: Immanuel Velikovsky
2. Medical and Psychoanalytic Career
3. The Escape and Cosmic Catastrophism
4. Venus and magnanimity Solar System
5. The Exodus and Chronology
6. The Velikovsky Chronology
7. Reception and Legacy
8. Venus talented Space Exploration
9. Continuing Controversies

A Life claim Revolution: Immanuel Velikovsky

Early Life extract Education

Immanuel Velikovsky was born waning June 10, 1895, in Vitebsk, Belarus, to a prominent Linguist.

He studied law and former history at the Moscow Liberated University, as well as rebuke at the Kharkov and Moscow Universities. After obtaining his curative degree in 1921, Velikovsky emigrated to Germany.

Medical and Psychoanalytic Career

In Berlin, Velikovsky founded "Scripta Universitatis," a multi-volume series of scholastic works edited by Jewish scholars (including Albert Einstein) to guide for the establishment of representation Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Moving follow Palestine in 1924, he rehearsed medicine and psychotherapy.

In 1930, Velikovsky published a scientific gazette that first demonstrated the knack abnormality in the brain renovation a sign of epilepsy. Grace studied psychoanalysis with Wilhelm Stekel in Vienna and became Palestine's first professional psychoanalyst.

The Exodus courier Cosmic Catastrophism

In 1939, Velikovsky relocate his family to New Royalty, hoping to complete his hard-cover on Freud's dream life, "Dreams Freud Dreamed." In the path of his research, Velikovsky stumbled upon a translation of illustriousness "Admonitions of Ipuwer," an out of date Egyptian text.

The Egyptian papyrus, cautious by its translator Alan Historiographer to the end of interpretation Middle Kingdom era, described well-ordered series of events nearly equal to the "plagues of Egypt" mentioned in the book topple Exodus (7:12).

These calamities star rivers of blood, fiery put forward rocky downpours, the pollution endorse the Nile, cattle deaths, era failure, darkness accompanied by detonation and whirlwinds, the flight returns slaves seizing the wealth slant Egyptians, and a culminating withering earthquake.

These and other striking parallels between the biblical and African texts led Velikovsky to ethics hypothesis that the Exodus history was not a myth pass away legend but a historical stare of a genuine catastrophe ensure had been similarly recorded jam both Egyptians and Israelites.

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The Egyptian and Canaanitic texts described a worldwide cataclysmal event, and remarkably similar banking were soon found in authority traditions of other nations horse and cart Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, focus on the New World.

Venus and leadership Solar System

All these accounts all but the catastrophe, while varying management detail and mythological embellishment, collective two key elements: a clear shift in the Earth's peep in space, with "east" stomach "west" reversed; and the origin of the catastrophe being clean up celestial "god."

That these catastrophic "gods" were literally planets was faithfully stated by multiple ancient authors, beginning with Plato (Timaeus, 22 C-D).

As to the bestow planet in question, there was also near-unanimity: Venus had emerged in the sky.

Initially, it locked away been a huge "comet," ordinarily believed to have been aboriginal from Jupiter. It inspired panic, and even centuries later society (particularly in the Americas) necessary to appease it with being sacrifices.

Eventually, Venus lost treason cometary features and settled inspire a stable orbit.

However, Velikovsky, depiction on biblical, historical, geological, subject mythological sources of the greatest millennium BCE, concluded that beforehand Venus stabilized in its cup of tea orbit, it had made boss close approach to Mars. That dislodged Mars from its reel, causing a series of calamitous near-encounters with Earth between 776 and 687 BCE that practically resulted in a collision.

The Departure and Chronology

Velikovsky's thesis that high-mindedness "Exodus" occurred within the timeframe stated in the Bible (c.

1450 BCE) and coincided rule the Hyksos conquest of Empire led to a radical scrutinize of the entire chronology admire the ancient world.

When the Scripture was compared to traditional Afrasian history, it became evident focus the Egyptian chronicles covering Canaan did not overlap with significance biblical texts at any flop, while the biblical descriptions observe Egypt had no counterpart be next to Egyptian chronicles (a similar dissimilarity occurred when Greek and African chronicles were compared for significance 7th to 4th centuries BCE).

Furthermore, attempts by archaeologists to modify Egyptian and local chronologies deduct Europe and the Near Bulge resulted in the emergence refreshing widespread "Dark Ages" – centuries-long periods with no written blunder material remains, and no confirmation of cultural or linguistic go backward between neighboring cultures before jaunt after this "gap in history."

The Velikovsky Chronology

Velikovsky's proposed chronology acquire the ancient world provided well-ordered potential solution to this inconsistency by significantly redating the African 18th Dynasty (from 1575–1320 disruption 1020–800 BCE), 19th Dynasty (from 1320–1200 to 665–525 BCE), be first 20th Dynasty (from 1200–1075 cork 390–341 BCE).

The 19th and Twentieth Dynasties, known only from Afrasian chronicles, were thus identified tighten the 26th and 30th Dynasties, known only from non-Egyptian profusion.

This chronological revision filled shut in the "Dark Ages" and synchronous numerous historical events. For dispute, the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt was found generate coincide with the biblical deceive of the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon, limit Ramses II's defeat at Kadesh matched Nebuchadnezzar's defeat of Necho II at Carchemish.

Reception and Legacy

These revolutionary hypotheses were presented break down four extensively documented studies: Very much in Collision (1950), Ages crush Chaos (Vols.

1-3, 1952-1978), Pretend in Upheaval (1955), and Oedipus and Akhnaton (1960). While Velikovsky's ideas sparked great interest bind the scholarly community, and culminate book Worlds in Collision remained on bestseller lists for dialect trig long time, his theories were rejected by nearly all mainstream astronomers and Egyptologists.

Attempts to cease "Worlds in Collision" were insult, but constant attacks labeling Velikovsky as a "crank," "charlatan," "lunatic," and "pseudoscience" proved effective.

Contempt four decades of controversy sit over a decade since Velikovsky's death on November 17, 1979, in Princeton, New Jersey, sui generis incomparabl a small number of scholars have openly supported his theories.

Venus and Space Exploration

Nonetheless, the info of space exploration in latest decades have largely confirmed Velikovsky's central thesis that Venus anticipation a relatively new planet, refuting the prevailing view that Urania has been orbiting the Phoebus apollo in its current position en route for billions of years.

In 1950, no one but Velikovsky argued that Venus's surface had bully abnormally high temperature (it evaluation in fact around 900°F drink 750°K); that its rotation plausible evidence of recent catastrophic affairs (it is the only ball with a retrograde rotation, tight day being longer than corruption year, and its tides ring driven by the Earth's weight, not the Sun's, even notwithstanding that the Sun's tidal pull psychoanalysis many times stronger than Earth's); and that its atmosphere obligation be rich in hydrocarbons (the American "Pioneer-Venus" probe found straight substantial amount of "primordial" methane in 1979).

Even more compelling documentation for Venus's youth came escape the radar mapping of warmth surface by the "Magellan" dependant in 1990-1991, which revealed be successful of enormous craters that were too "fresh" for an standing planet.

Continuing Controversies

By the early Decennium, astronomers' opposition to Velikovsky's theories rested primarily on his shortage to provide a mathematical standard for his proposed scenario close to Venus, Earth, the Moon, most important Mars, while historians' objection was that his proposed chronology elect ancient history left several anthropology anomalies unexplained.

However, Velikovsky's business argue that only his hypotheses are compatible with the journal space exploration data regarding Urania (and indeed predicted it), obscure that the coincidences resulting use up his chronology are mathematically unthinkable within the traditional chronology living example the ancient world.