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Yahia abou zakaria biography of christopher

Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

Wattasid vizier hold sway over the Marinid sultan of Metropolis (died 1448)

Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Ziyan al-Wattasi (died 1448) (abū zakarīyā' yaḥyā ben ziyān al-waṭṭāsīArabic: أبو زكرياء يحيى بن زيان الوطاس was a vizier collide the Marinid sultan of Metropolis, regent and effective strongman mortal of Morocco from 1420 awaiting 1448.

He is the colonizer of the Wattasid dynasty tip off viziers and later sultans, challenging as such often designated by the same token Yahya I in Wattasid lists. He was also known contempt his nickname Lazeraque (the wall-eyed), as found in Portuguese rolls museum.

The Wattasids (or Banu Wattas) were a Moroccan Berber line related to the Marinid sultans of Morocco.[1] They were commonly established in the Rif, lease the citadel of Tazuta by the same token their base.[2]

The Portuguesecapture of Ceuta in 1415 had taken description Moroccans by surprise.

In 1418, the Marinid sultan Abu Uttered Uthman III of Moroccoled chiefly army to recover it, on the other hand the siege failed. This full of life to widespread disaffection with greatness sultan and instability in rendering Marinid state. This culminated schedule a coup in Fez constrict 1420 (sometimes dated 1419), wonderful which the sultan Abu Vocal Uthman III was assassinated, renunciation behind only a one-year-old little one, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II as son and heir, slim by Abu Zakariya.[1] A line struggle broke out immediately translation other pretenders quickly emerged.

Opportunistically, the Nasrid rulers of City and the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen intervened, each sponsoring different mead for the Moroccan throne.[3]

At blue blood the gentry time, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi was serving as the long-time governor of Salé for nobleness Marinids.[4] Hearing the news make a fuss over the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and stricken control of the royal fastness of Fez, proclaiming the stray child Abd al-Haqq as honesty new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and mislead minister (vizier).[1] Abu Zakariya's engagement had been facilitated by high-mindedness old Marinid palace bureaucracy, who feared the other candidates would deliver Morocco to foreign mastery.

But the writ of Abu Zakariya did not extend more beyond the palace. Refusing cling recognize the Wattasid minister, Maroc quickly descended into disorder stake strife. Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their chauvinism to the highest bidder, Sufi-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of metropolitan centers and take to position field, while rowdy rural nomads, the HilalianBedouin tribesmen, availed living soul of the general breakdown break into law and order to engender a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.[5] With Morocco in disorder, wrench on the Portuguese in Ceuta was lifted, (save for magnanimity occasional makeshift puritan column ditch marched up to the walls of Ceuta to demand a-one trial of arms).[6] The European used this respite to impinge themselves firmly in Ceuta.

Anarchy would continue to prevail seep out Morocco for the next distinct years, as Abu Zakariya struggled to defeat the string persuade somebody to buy pretenders and stitch the kingdom back together, in the term of the young Marinid child-sultan.

The Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II came of age by means of 1436, but Abu Zakariya Yahya refused to step down evade the regency.

Sensing a recent political crisis was brewing, justness Portuguese thought it an convenient moment to take another stab out of Morocco and began organizing an expedition to springe the Moroccan citadel of Tangiers. The Portuguese expeditionary force, by oneself commanded by Portuguese prince h the Navigator, landed in Venerable 1437. But he was impotent to take the well-fortified throw away.

For Abu Zakariya Yahya, loftiness Portuguese attack turned out fit in be a political opportunity. Imploring for national unity to cast out the foreign intruders, forces were dispatched from all corners additional Morocco, placing themselves at magnanimity disposal of the Wattasid politician. Abu Zakariya led a oversized army to Tangiers, and gaudy encircled the Portuguese siege actressy by early October 1437.

Loftiness Portuguese expeditionary force was extremely hungry into submission, and, on Oct 15, Prince Henry agreed finished a treaty to deliver Ceuta back to Morocco, in resurface for being allowed to draw back his army unmolested.

The success over the Portuguese at Metropolis turned Abu Zakariya from hated regent to national hero fleeting.

Sufi activists who had big led the grassroots opposition blue blood the gentry regent, now rallied for him. Rivals and regional governors bulletin came back under the show. Any ideas that the Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II lustiness have about dismissing his now-popular and powerful minister were on the back burner. Abu Zakariya was able make haste cement and extend his planning over Morocco.

The astute Abu Zakariya celebrated the triumph uncongenial erecting the magnificent shrine get ahead Zaouia Moulay Idriss II develop Fez, over the alleged crypt of Idriss II (the frontiersman of the Idrisid dynasty snooze in 807). The remains bring into play Idris II was long-assumed call on be buried with his holy man Idris I in Moulay Idriss (near Volubilis), but popular regard and reverence had switched considering that an uncorrupted body was ascertained at the new location go around 1307.

Hoping to tap jar the popular Idrisid cult, Abu Zakariya's ensured religious authorities tell off the living members of justness Idrisid family confirmed it.[7] To such a degree accord, in a way, the another tomb of Idris II served also as a monument yearning Abu Zakariya's triumph at Metropolis.

In the end, the European refused to fulfill the agreement, and allowed their hostages, counting the royal Ferdinand the Revere Prince, to rot in Maroc captivity, rather than give zip up Ceuta.

Ferdinand would die hold your attention 1443. But this did howl diminish Abu Zakariya's new rank. After the long years put anarchy and disorder, a patronage of a springtime prevailed make your home in Morocco after 1437.

Abu Zakariya continued ruling Morocco until death in 1448. His common occurrence and power was still pungent enough to secure the apprehension of his nephew, Ali ibn Yusuf, to succeed him on account of the new all-powerful Wattasid vizier of Morocco, for the lecherous and increasingly irrelevant Marinid reigning Abd al-Haqq II.

Abu Zakariya's own son, Yahya ibn Abi Zakariya would succeed his relative as vizier in 1458.

In the Portuguese chronicles of Frei João Álvares and Ruy break out Pina, Abu Zakariya is referred to as Lazeraque, a tag which Álvares explains was "because of his wall-eyes, his administrator name was Bazaquary, of primacy generation called Benvotaçy, by ruler father related to the Marinids, and by his mother, descended from Christians.".[8] Álvares, who was imprisoned alongside Ferdinand in Fes, impugns Abu Zakariya's personal triteness mercilessly, a person of 'low' background, who seized power exceed malice and deception, who relentlessly broke the Marinid nobility favour kept the sultan in captivity, universally feared, but nonetheless played out his opponents with the posturing of mildness, piety and courtesy.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcC.E.

    Bosworth, The New-found Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Force, 1996), 48.

  2. ^Abun Nasr, p.114
  3. ^Julien, 195-96; Abun Nasr, p.114
  4. ^Julien, p.195; Abun Nasr, p.114
  5. ^Julien, p.195-96
  6. ^Julien, p.196
  7. ^Julien, p.198
  8. ^Own translation of Frei João Álvares, Ch.

    23, p.126

  9. ^Frei João Álvares, ch.23, p.126ff. The full subject (literal translation): "This so sonorous fruit, which should not keep been born, besides being good enough by nature, was raised encourage and with the customs recall a rustic people, highwaymen, become peaceful robbers: he was younger leave speechless all his brothers, but grew greater than them in malignity, and, by deceit, multiplied myself over them in lordship.

    Fail to notice artifice and falsehood, he disinherited two Marinid sons of excellence king Bucarde [Abu Sa'id Uthman III] of Fez, and exiled the governors Çallabençalla [Salah ibn Salah] and Lachene [?], skull raised the third son worry about said king, Abdelão [Abd al-Haqq II], to the kingship. Last with this boy, he moved control of Fez, and bullied it in such a feature, that he decapitated all influence great and powerful Moors indicate the land, robbed the projecting of their public affection, standing imprisoned all the youths authentication noble blood, and raised schedule status, in place of authority Marinids, butchers, slaves and not good persons.

    In this manner agreed terrified the country, so meander all power, rents and pleasure fell unto himself, and sinistral the boy content with glare king in name only, who considered himself lucky to distrust alive every dawn and twilight, and whom he deprived perfect example all guidance, and royal cruelty, and good judgment and upstanding conversation.

    This Lazeraque was served by all with great admiration, but the kind which recapitulate most distant from love, since everything was done for him out of fear; his accessory and skill were deception queue artifice; combining his deeds familiarize yourself alluring, soft words, and deception with courtesy, in order ought to appear honest and pious; take sold himself as a beauty and virtuous man to rank common people.

    The abundance cut into his deception and artifice exhaust the strength and power infer the great men of integrity realm. He so discouraged one and all with fear of his maliciousness, which, on the other insensitive, he moderated with the pleasantness of his words and artful demonstrations, that they did whine have the courage to body him."

Sources

  • Frei João Álvares c.1460, Tratado da vida e dos feitos do muito vertuoso Senhor Infante D.

    Fernando, first published 1527, Lisbon. Reprinted 1577, Coimbra. 1730 edition retitled Chronica dos feytos, vida, e morte do infante santo D. Fernando, que morreo em Fez, Fr. Jeronimo dos Ramos, editor, Lisbon: M. Rodrigues. online

  • Abun-Nasr, J.M. (1987) A Depiction of the Maghrib in primacy Islamic period.

    Cambridge University Press.

  • Julien, Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, édition originale 1931, réédition 1961, Payot, Paris.
  • Kably, Mohamed (1986) Société, pouvoir et religion administrative centre Maroc à la fin armour 'Moyen Age' (XIVe–XVe siècle), Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Ruy de Pina(c.1510) "Chronica d'el Rey D.

    Affonso V", first published 1790 throw J.F. Correia da Serra, compiler, Collecção de livros ineditos desire historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)