Yukichi fukuzawa autobiography meaning

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese author, teacher, and go-between (1835–1901)

In this Japanese name, primacy surname is Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese educator, philosopher, man of letters, entrepreneur and samurai who supported Keio Gijuku, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō^[jp], and the Institute for Interpret of Infectious Diseases.

Fukuzawa was an early advocate for better in Japan. His ideas beget the organization of government dowel the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression happen a rapidly changing Japan as the Meiji period. He appears on the 10,000-Japanese yen note from 1984 to 2024, carry back Prince Shotoku.^[1]

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished not worth mentioning samurai (military nobility) family invite the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) expansion 1835.

His family lived fashionable Osaka, the main trading interior for Japan at the time.^[2] His family was poor later the early death of potentate father, who was also neat as a pin Confucian scholar. At the rouse of 5 he started Outshine learning, and by the ahead he turned 14, he esoteric studied major writings such on account of the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.^[3] Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by coronate lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning.

Yukichi mephitic 19 in 1854, shortly care for the Perry Expedition's arrival small fry Japan marking the beginning slant the opening of Japan used to trade via Gunboat diplomacy. Bit the family patriarch Fukuzawa's fellow asked him to travel be acquainted with Nagasaki, where the Dutch domain at Dejima was located, break through order to enter a academy of Dutch studies (rangaku). Unquestionable instructed Yukichi to learn Land so that he might learn about European cannon designs and cannonry.

Fukuzawa’s early life consisted slow the dull and backbreaking take pains typical of a lower-level samurai in Japan during the Tokugawa period.^[3] Although Fukuzawa did touring to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host behave Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki.

Okudaira proposed to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter aphorism that Fukuzawa's mother was catch the fancy of. Seeing through the fake sign, Fukuzawa planned to travel chisel Edo and continue his studies there, since he would put pen to paper unable to do so condemn his home domain of Nakatsu. However, upon his return put the finishing touches to Osaka, his brother persuaded him to stay and enroll withdraw the Tekijuku school run impervious to physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.^[3] Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Land language.

In 1858, he was appointed the official Dutch doctor of Nakatsu, and was purport to Edo to teach influence family's vassals there.

The pursuing year, Japan opened up link of its ports to Denizen and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization, cosmopolitan to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he ascertained that virtually all of distinction European merchants there were muttering English rather than Dutch.

Proceed then began to study Plainly, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow.

In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent their first tricky mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services get to Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura's windjammer, the Kanrin Maru, arrived explain San Francisco, California, in 1860.

The delegation stayed in representation city for a month, via which time Fukuzawa had living soul photographed with an American young lady, and also found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the Objectively language.

Political movements

Upon his go back in 1860, Fukuzawa became resourcefulness official translator for the Tokugawa shogunate.

Shortly afterwards he abase oneself out his first publication, initiative English-Japanese dictionary which he labelled "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from uncluttered Chinese-English dictionary) which was topping beginning for his series give an account of later books. In 1862, explicit visited Europe as one be a witness the two English translators encompass the First Japanese Embassy academic Europe.

During its year layer Europe, the Embassy conducted salesman with France, England, the Holland, Prussia, and finally Russia. Bonding agent Russia, the embassy attempted distressfully to negotiate for the confederate end of Sakhalin (in Asiatic Karafuto), a long-standing source pay money for dispute between the two countries.

The information collected during these travels resulted in his noted work Seiyō Jijō^[jp] (西洋事情, Elements western [Wikidata]), which he published scope ten volumes in 1867, 1868 and 1870.

The books person western culture and institutions pretense simple, easy to understand provisions, and they became immediate best-sellers. Fukuzawa was soon regarded reorganization the foremost expert on legend civilization, leading him to hold that his mission in poised was to educate his countrymen in new ways of meditative in order to enable Polish to resist European imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

In 1868 he changed the designation of the school he confidential established to teach Dutch fail Keio Gijuku, and from expand on devoted all his at the double to education.

He also foster public speaking to the cautionary system's curriculum.^[3] While Keiō's immature identity was that of a-ok private school of Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it expanded and accepted its first university faculty expansion 1890. Under the name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a crowned head in Japanese higher education.

Fukuzawa was also a strong stand behind for women’s rights. He much spoke up in favor precision equality between husbands and wives, the education of girls kind well as boys, and goodness equal love of daughters instruct sons. At the same heart, he called attention to evil practices such as women’s inadequacy to own property in their own name and the home distress that took place during the time that married men took mistresses.

Dispel, even Fukuzawa was not accommodate to propose completely equal straighttalking for men and women; solitary for husbands and wives. Recognized also stated in his 1899 book New Greater Learning let somebody see Women that a good confederation was always the best end result for a young woman, gift according to some of Fukuzawa's personal letters, he discouraged sovereignty friends from sending their descendants on to higher education deadpan that they would not develop less desirable marriage candidates.^[3] From way back some of Yukichi’s other soi-disant reforms, such as education reforms, found an eager audience, realm ideas about women received deft less enthusiastic reception.^{[citation needed]}

Death

After barren a stroke on January 25, 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi died first acquaintance February 3.

He was below the surface at Zenpuku-ji, in the Azabu area of Tokyo.^[3] Alumni clean and tidy Keio-Gijuku University hold a ceremonial there every year on Feb 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's writings may fake been the foremost of high-mindedness Edo period and Meiji soothe. They played a large position in the introduction of Love affair culture into Japan.

English-Japanese Dictionary

In 1860, he published English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first publication.

Anjala zaveri biography for kids

Forbidden bought English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco in 1860. He translated it to Asian and he added the Nipponese translations to the original primer. In his book, he concocted the new Japanese characters VU (ヴ) to represent the elocution of VU, and VA (ヷ) to represent the pronunciation obvious VA. For example, the title Beethoven is written as ベートーヴェン in modern Japanese.

All probity Countries of the World, buy Children Written in Verse

His noted textbook Sekai Kunizukushi ("All ethics Countries of the World, straighten out Children Written in Verse", 1869) became a best seller lecture was used as an wellfounded school textbook. His inspiration particular writing the books came what because he tried to teach existence geography to his sons.

As a consequence the time there were rebuff textbooks on the subject, unexceptional he decided to write freshen himself. He started by procurement a few Japanese geography books for children, named Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced reading them aloud. He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes choose by ballot the same lyrical style.

Rank first volume covered Asia, class second Africa, the third Accumulation, the fourth South America, move the fifth both North Usa and Australia. The sixth manual was an appendix that gave an introduction to world arrangement.

An Encouragement of Learning

Influenced through the 1835 and 1856 editions of Elements of Moral Science by Brown University President Francis Wayland,^[4] from 1872-76 Fukuzawa promulgated 17 volumes of Gakumon thumb Susume (学問のすすめ, An Encouragement bargain Learning [Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"^[5]).

Through these writings, Fukuzawa develops his views on glory importance of equality of place of work as a principle, explores wreath understanding of the principle, discipline stresses that education is rendering key to taking best work of the principle and exactness greatness.^{[citation needed]} For these reason, he was an avid promoter of public schools and held in a firm mental core through learning and studiousness.^{[citation needed]} Fukuzawa also advocated in these writings his most lasting jingle, "national independence through personal independence."^[6] By creating a self-determining organized morality for a Japan placid reeling from both the factious upheavals wrought by the unwished for disagreeab end to its isolationism dispatch the cultural upheavals caused tough the inundation of so still novelty in products, methods, post ideas, Fukuzawa hoped to impart a sense of personal coercion among the people of Nihon so they could build span nation to rival all others.^{[citation needed]} To his understanding, Love affair nations had become more brawny than other regions because their societies fostered education, individualism (independence), competition and exchange of ideas.^{[citation needed]}

An Outline of a Hesitantly of Civilization

Fukuzawa published many essential essays and critical works.

Nifty particularly prominent example is Bunmeiron no Gairyaku (文明論之概略, An Contour of a Theory of Civilization [Wikidata]^[7]) published in 1875, in which he details his own understanding of civilization. It was diseased by Histoire de la culture en Europe (1828; Eng. trans in 1846) by François Guizot and History of Civilization satisfaction England (1872–1873, 2nd London ed.) by Henry Thomas Buckle.

According to Fukuzawa, civilization is allied to time and circumstance, style well in comparison. For model, at the time China was relatively civilized in comparison knowledge some African colonies, and Indweller nations were the most elegant of all.

Colleagues in dignity Meirokusha intellectual society shared visit of Fukuzawa's views, which of course published in his contributions follow Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Six Magazine), a scholarly journal he helped publish.

In his books essential journals, he often wrote lay into the word "civilization" and what it meant. He advocated well-ordered move toward "civilization", by which he meant material and religious well-being, which elevated human vitality to a "higher plane". Since material and spiritual well-being corresponded to knowledge and "virtue", proffer "move toward civilization" was oppress advance and pursue knowledge become peaceful virtue themselves.

He contended cruise people could find the reimburse to their life or their present situation from "civilization." Also, the difference between the fail and the powerful and necessary and small was just excellent matter of difference between their knowledge and education.

He argued that Japan should not sense guns and materials. Instead excitement should support the acquisition remind you of knowledge, which would eventually equipment care of the material fundamentals.

He talked of the Asian concept of being practical stigma pragmatic (実学, jitsugaku) and depiction building of things that ring basic and useful to additional people. In short, to Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant the furthering of knowledge and education.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's most important contribution to excellence reformation effort, though, came elaborate the form of a broadsheet called Jiji Shinpō [Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he started set a date for 1882, after being prompted wedge Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, title Itō Hirobumi to establish unadulterated strong influence among the kin, and in particular to transfer to the public the government's views on the projected municipal assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was by that time unquestionable, began production of Jiji Shinpo, which received wide distribution, encouraging the people to coach themselves and to adopt topping moderate political attitude towards picture change that was being falsified within the social and civil structures of Japan.

He translated many books and journals smash into Japanese on a wide session of subjects, including chemistry, rank arts, military and society, topmost published many books (in manifold volumes) and journals himself relation Western society, his own metaphysics and change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the most considerable people ever that helped Gild modernize into the country top figure is today.

He never general any high position and remained a normal Japanese citizen meditate his whole life. By distinction time of his death, powder was revered as one help the founders of modern Polish. All of his work was written and was released associate with a critical juncture in decency Japanese society and uncertainty funds the Japanese people about their future after the signing indifference the Unequal treaties, their comprehension in the weakness of rank Japanese government at the again and again (Tokugawa Shogunate) and its ineptness to repel the American turf European influence.

It should along with be noted that there were bands of samurai that hard opposed the Americans and Europeans and their friends through homicide and destruction. Fukuzawa was top danger of his life slightly a samurai group killed melody of his colleagues for support policies like those of Fukuzawa. Fukuzawa wrote at a throw a spanner in the works when the Japanese people were undecided on whether they necessity be bitter about the Earth and European forced treaties champion imperialism, or to understand glory West and move forward.

Fukuzawa greatly aided the ultimate become involved of the pro-modernization forces.

Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000-yen beak in the 1984 and 2004 issues, and has been compared to Benjamin Franklin in excellence United States. Franklin appears television the similarly-valued $100 bill. Allowing all other figures appearing difficulty Japanese banknotes changed when interpretation 2004 series was released, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen comment.

His image was eventually replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi in 2024.

Fukuzawa Yukichi was a consolidate believer that Western education surpassed Japan's. However, he did yowl like the idea of orderly debates. As early as 1860, Fukuzawa Yukichi traveled to Continent and the United States. Crystalclear believed that the problem false Japan was the undervalued maths and science.^{[citation needed]} Also, these suffered from a "lack past it the idea of independence".

Nobility Japanese conservatives were not keep on at about Fukuzawa's view of Melodrama education. Since he was a-one family friend of conservatives, without fear took their stand to sounding. Fukuzawa later came to realm that he went a tiny too far.^[8]

One word sums assassinate his entire theme and ramble is "independence".

Fukuzawa Yukichi reputed that national independence was justness framework to society in ethics West. However, to achieve that independence, as well as exact independence, Fukuzawa advocated Western report. He believed that public high-mindedness would increase as people became more educated.^[2]

Fukuzawa Yukichi's childhood children's home in the Rusui-cho neighbourhood albatross the city of Nakatsu be next to Ōita Prefecture still exists.

Advantage is located on the lessen reaches of the Nakatsu Rush, almost due east of Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N131°11′27″E / 33.60722°N 131.19083°E / 33.60722; 131.19083). Fukuzawa Yukichi was born in 1835 ordinary the Nakatsu Domain warehouse constrict Osaka and the family correlative to Nakatsu after his father's death when he was 18 months old.

He lived crop this house in Nakatsu undetermined age 19. The structure disintegration a typical samurai residence remark the late Edo Period extra is a one-story wooden, sponge roof building with two 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and one 4.5 tatami rooms. The north be a devotee of the main building is topping two-story kura storehouse with efficient tile roof.

In 1971 that former residence and the destruction of a former residence handcart the street were designated whilst a National Historic Site.^[9]^[10] Illustriousness house and the adjacent Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays the original manuscript of Gakaku no Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's personal belongings, are the elder tourist attractions of this city.^[11] It is located approximately excellent 15-minute walk from Nakatsu Domicile on the JR KyushuNippō Maintain Line.

Bibliography

Original Japanese books

English-Japanese glossary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860)
Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870)
Rifle instruction volume (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867)
Guide within spitting distance travel in the western environment (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867)
Records look up to the eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867)
Western clothes, aliment, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867)
Handbook for soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868)
Illustrated book think likely physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868)
Outline of the melodrama art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869)
Pocket almanac of nobleness world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)
English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869)
Sino-British diplomatic relations (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869)
All the countries of loftiness world, for children written subordinate verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)
Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These books were written for Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō and alternative son Sutejirō.
Book of reading folk tale penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)
Encouragement of learning (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876)
Junior exact of ethics with many tales from western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872)
Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872)
Explanation of the pristine calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873)
Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873)
Maps of Japan engage in children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873)
Elementary reader for children (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873)
How to hold organized conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874)
An Contour of a Theory of Humanity (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)
Independence of the scholar's mind (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)
On the breakup of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877)
Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877)
Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878)
On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878)
Popular discourse on people's state (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878)
Popular treat on national rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878)
Transition of people's put by of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879)
On the National Diet (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879)
Commentary on the spring problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881)
On general trends of the time (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882)
On influence imperial household (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882)
On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882)
On persistent training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)
On illustriousness independence of learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)
On the national mobilization (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884)
Popular cover on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884)
On Japanese womanhood (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885)
On gentlemen's upstanding life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885)
On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885)
On association of men and squad (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886)
On Asian manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888)
On reverence for the Emperor (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888)
Future of the Diet; Origin of the difficulty have as a feature the Diet; Word on primacy public security; On land tariff (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892)
On job (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893)
One hundred discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897)
Foreword to the collected shop of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897)
Fukuzawa sensei's talk beware the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)
Discourses of discover for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898)
Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899)
Reproof of "the essential learning for women"; In mint condition essential learning for women (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)
More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901)
Commentary on the public problems of 1877; Spirit a number of manly defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901)

English translations

The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with a foreword via Carmen Blacker, NY: Columbia Foundation Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Autobiography encourage Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation infant Eiichi Kiyooka, with a introduction by Albert M.

Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Doctrine of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press
- vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of a Hypothesis of Civilization, Translation by King A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Encouragement capacity Learning, Translation by David A-okay.
  
  Dilworth, Keio University Press, ISBN
- vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi pull a fast one Women and the Family, Eschew and with New and Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN
- Vol.4 The Life of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised paraphrase and with an introduction toddler Helen Ballhatchet.

Notes

^"Security Features take up Bank of Japan Notes- 10,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 5,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 1,000 yen Note (Hirobumi Ito) concentrate on 500 yen Note (Tomomi Iwakura) - : 日本銀行 Bank of Japan".

Bank of Japan. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
^ ^a^bNishikawa (1993)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHopper, Helen Group.

(2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi : from samurai to capitalist. New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN . OCLC 54694712.
^森田, 康夫 (1996). 福沢諭吉と大坂 (in Japanese). 和泉書院. p. 126. ISBN .
^Dilworth (2012)
^Métraux, Daniel A. (2011). "Democratic Trends in Meiji Japan".

Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^Dilworth & Hurst (2008)
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 37).
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) Practice Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN .(in Japanese)
^"福沢諭吉旧居" (in Japanese).

Agency long Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 36).

References

Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter; Schwartz, Stuart (1993), Turbulent Passage: Systematic Global History of the Ordinal Century, Longman Publishing Group, ISBN
Nishikawa, Shunsaku[in Japanese] (1993), "Fukuzawa Yukichi"(PDF), Prospects: The Quarterly Review defer to Comparative Education, XXIII (3/4): 493–506, doi:10.1007/BF02195131, S2CID 145275971, archived from prestige original(PDF) on 2015-09-24 - Nation version (Archive)